Li Shimin

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Thelifeofthecharacter

Earlyyearsofexperience

The17thyearofEmperorWenKaihuang(597)DecemberWuwuDay(atalk)OnDecemberWuwuDay,theeighteenthyearoftheEmperorKaihuang,LiShiminwasbornintheLiFamilyPavilioninWugong.WhenLiShiminwasyoung,hewascleverandwittyandhadveryfar-reachinginsights.Hewasresoluteanddecisiveinthefaceofkeyevents.Nooneatthattimecouldestimatehim.

Intheeleventhyearofthegreatcause(615),EmperorYangofSuiwassurroundedbyTurksinYanmen.LiShiminrespondedtotherecruitmenttorescuehim,andhebelongedtoTunweiGeneralYundingxing.Whenhewasabouttosetoff,LiShiminsaidtoYunDingxing:"Wemustcarrytheflaganddrumtosetupsuspectedsoldiers.Besides,whenthearmyofSibiKhandarestosurroundtheemperor,itmustbethatthecountryhasnorescueinhaste.Fordozensofmiles,thesoundofthedrumsandthedrumsechoedeachotheratnight.HuLumustthinkthattherescuershadgathered,andwouldfleelookingatthedustraisedbythearmy.Otherwise,theenemywillbefewandthewholearmywillfight.Wemustnotbeabletodealwithit."YunDingxingadoptedLiShimin'ssuggestionandstationedhisarmyinNaoCounty.TurkicscoutcavalryPegasusreportedShibiKhanandsaid:"ThearmyoftheSuiDynastyhasarrived."Asaresult,theTurksescapedfromthesiegeandfled.go.

Inthetwelfthyearofthegreatcause(616years),LiYuanservedasTaiyuantostaybehind,andLiShiminfollowedtoTaiyuan.Atthattime,therewasGaoyangThiefChiefWeiDao'er,whocametoattackTaiyuanwiththenameLiShanfei,andLiYuanattackedWeiDao'erandpenetratedintothecampofthethieves.LiShiminusedelitecavalrytobreakthroughtheencirclement,andtheenemyarmywasbrokenupbythebowandarrow,andLiYuanwasrescuedfromthecampofthousandsofenemies.Justastheinfantryarrived,LiYuanandLiShiminstrenuouslyattackedandbroketheenemyforce.

Jinyangrisesuptroops

InthefirstyearofYining(617),thefateoftheSuiDynastyisover.LiShiminsecretlyplotsanuprising,oftenlowershisstatusandrespectsscholars,andtakesouthisbelongingstosupporthisclients,Thegroupofthieves,nooneisunwillingtodohisbest.Inthesameyear,LiShiminencouragedhisfatherLiYuantoriseupagainsttheSuiDynastyinordertoriseupforJinyang.LiShiminledthearmytoattackXiheandannouncedthedecree.AfterconqueringXihe,LiYuannamedLiShiminasthegovernorofDunhuangCounty,therightleader,andcommanderofthethreerightarmies.

ThearmyoftheuprisingwentwesttoattackJiahuFort,andtheSuigeneralSongLaoshengled20,000elitetroopstoHuoyitoresisttherebels.Atthetimewhentherainandfoodwereexhausted,LiYuanandPeiJihadadiscussion.LiShiminsaid:"Initially,greatjusticewasraisedtosavethecommonpeople.WeshouldfirstcaptureXianyangandgiveorderstotheworld.Whenencounteringasmallenemyarmy,wewillretreat.Iamafraidthatthosewhofollowtheuprisingwillbedisbanded.ThereturnarmyguardsacityinTaiyuan.Forthethief,whatcanIdotoprotectit!"LiYuanrefusedtoacceptit,urgingtheordertoleadthearmyout.LiShiminsobbedloudlyoutside,andthecryreachedLiYuan'saccount.BecauseLiYuansummonedhimtoaskandcry,LiShiminreplied:“Nowthearmyreliesonbenevolenceandrighteousness.Ifitadvances,itwillwin,andifitreturns,thearmywillbedisintegrated.Thearmyisdisintegratedinthefront,andtheenemyisattackingintheback,anddeathwillbeinfrontofyouimmediately.,Sosad!"LiYuanonlythenwokeupandstoppedreturningtothearmy.OnAugust1,whentherainstopped,LiYuanledhisarmytoHuoyi.LiShiminwasafraidthatSongLaoshengwouldnotbeabletofight,soheledafewcavalrymentothecityandraisedtheirwhiptocommand,asiftobesiegethecity,inordertoangerSongLaosheng.SongLaoshengwasreallyenraged,openedthedoorandsenttroops,leaningonthecitywithhisback.LiYuanandLiJianchengjoinedforcesintheeastofthecity,andLiShiminandChaiShaojoinedforcesinthesouthofthecity.SongLaoshengcommandedthearmytorush,andfirstapproachedLiYuan,causingLiJianchengtofall.SongLaoshengtookadvantageofthemomentumtoattack,andbothLiYuanandLiJianchengretired.LiShiminledtwothousandcavalrytroopsfromthesouthtorushdownthehighslope,breakingthroughSongLaosheng'sarmy,andledthearmytoattackvigorously.TheSongarmywasdefeated,andtheyallabandonedtheirweaponsandfled.Atthistime,HuoYi'scitygatehadbeenhung,SongLaoshengpulledtheropetoclimbthecity,LiShimintookadvantageofthesituationandcuthimdown,calmingHuoYi.

InHedong,Guanzhongheroesrushedtotherebels.LiShiminaskedtoenterthepass,captureYongfengcangtohelpthepoor,andconquerthethievestoseekDaxingCity(nowXi'an,ShaanxiProvince).LiYuanthoughtitwasverygood.LiShimin'sformerarmycrossedtheYellowRiverandfirstcalmedWeibei.Sansukeofficials,people,andheroesandgentlemenwenttothemilitarygatetoaskthedevoteestocountonthousandsofpeopleeveryday,supportingtheoldandtheyoung,allunderthebanner.LiShimintookintheheroesasabackupofficial,andeveryonewhoheardaboutitfromfarandnearcametodedicatetheirlives.ThearmywasstationedinJingyang,and90,000elitesoldiersdefeatedthehuskyLiuYaoziandannexedhisarmy.LeavingYinKaishanandLiuHongjistationedinDaxingcheng.LiShiminledhisarmytoSizhuinperson.ThiefchiefsLiZhongwen,HePanren,XiangShanzhiandothersallledtheirtroopstorendezvous.TheystationedinAchengandobtained130,000soldiers.ManyDaxingcityeldersbroughtcattleandwinetothemilitarygate.LiShimincomfortedthemandthensentthemawaywithoutacceptinganything.Themilitaryorderwasstrictandpurge,andautumndidnotcommitanycrimes.SoonLiShiminandthearmypacifiedDaxingCity.LiYuanassistedthestateaffairs,appointedLiShiminasthedomestichistoryoftheTangDynasty,andchangedthetitletotheofficialtitleofQinGuogong.AtthetimewhenXueJu'selitesoldiersapproachedtheWeishuishorewith100,000soldiers,LiShiminpersonallyledtheattack,smashedhistribe,beheadedmorethan10,000people,andcapturedtheenemy'slandallthewaytoLongdi.

InDecemberofthefirstyearofYining(617),LiShiminwasre-appointedasthemarshaloftheright.Whenhewasabouttoreturntothearmy,LiShiminsaidtothepeopleontheleftandright:"TheenemywillfollowmewhenIreturntothearmy."Sohesetupthreeambushestowaitforthepursuit.Soon,SuiGeneralDuanDaledmorethan10,000peopletochaseafterhim.WhenhepassedtheTomboftheThreeKings,LiShiminlaunchedanambushattackandDuanDawasdefeated.SoXiongandGuweresetupinYiyangandXin'an,andpeopleweresenttostaybehindandreturn.Subsequently,LiShiminwasrelocatedandrenamedasZhaoGuogong.

InMayofthesecondyearofYining(618),EmperorGongoftheSuiDynastyYangYouchanwaslocatedinLiYuan,LiYuanchangedthecountrynametoTang,JianyuanWude,namedLiShiminasShangShuling,GeneralYouwuhou,andJinFengThekingofQin,grantingYongzhoupasturage.

FightingintheQuartet

InJulyofthefirstyearofWude(618),XueJuinvadedJingzhou,andLiShiminledallhistroopstocrusadeagainstit,butreturnedwithoutvictory.InSeptember,XueJudiedandhissonXueRengaocontinuedtostand.LiShiminwasalsoappointedasthemarshaltodefeatXueRengao.ThetwoarmiesfoughtatZhecheng.Thetwosidesdugdeeptrenchestobuildhighcampsandfoughteachotherformorethan60days.XueJunismorethan100,000,andthearmyisstrong,andhehascometochallengemanytimes.LiShiminstoodstilltodefeathissharpmomentum.XueJunhadrunoutoffood,andXueJungeneralsMouJuncaiandLiangHulangcametosurrender.LiShiminsaidtothegenerals:"Theenemy'sspiritislostanddecayed,andourarmyshouldattackthem."SohesentGeneralPangYutoseducetheenemyinthesouthoftheshallowwaterplain.SoonLiShimin'spro-reunificationarmyunexpectedlycoveredthenorthernpartoftheshallowwater.ZongLuohusawfromadistance,andreturnedtothearmytoresistagain.LiShiminleddozensofelitecavalryintotheenemy'sline.Hecooperatedwiththearmyinsideandoutsidetoattack.ZongLuohu'sarmywasdefeated.LiShiminkilledthousandsofthieves,andfellintothemountainvalleyandthedeadwereinvincible.LiShiminledmorethan20cavalrytroopstochaseandfleetheenemy,andwentstraighttothecitytochasetheenemy.XueRengaowasterrifiedandguardedthecity.Towardthenight,LiShimin'sarmywillarriveoneafteranother,encirclingallsides.Inthemorning,XueRengaoaskedtosurrender,andLiShimincapturedmorethan10,000ofhiselitesoldiers,including50,000menandwomen.

Soonthegeneralscongratulated,someonetooktheopportunitytoask:"Atfirstthekingbrokethroughtheenemyinafieldbattle,buttheenemystillhasafortifiedcity,andthekingdoesnothavetheequipmenttoattack.Directlyundertheenemy’scity,weallsuspectthatyoucan’twin,butyouhavecapturedthecity.What’sthereason?”LiShiminsaid,“Thisistopersecutehimwithexpediency,sothattheirplanshavenochancetocomeout.ForthisreasonVictory.ZongLuohureliedonpreviousyearstowin,coupledwithlong-termvigor,sawthatourarmywasunabletocomeout,hedespisedmeinhisheart.Nowtheenemyarmyseesmeoutofwar,veryhappy,allthearmycametofight,althoughIhavedefeatedhim,butcapturedThereareonlyafewwhoarecaughtandkilled.Iftheenemyisnotchasinginahurry,andtheenemyreturnstothecollapsedcity,andRenGaogathersandcomforts,thenitisimpossibletowin.Besides,theenemysoldiersareallfromLongxi,andtheyaredefeatedandfled.Itistoolatetoreviewandlose.FleeingtotheoutsideofGansu,thecitywasnaturallyempty.Ourarmythenpressedon,andtheenemysurrenderedoutoffear.Thesecanbedescribedasplannedplans.Canyounotseeallthemonarchs?"ZhuJiangsaid:"Thisisnotwhatordinarypeopledo.Wecancatchup."Manyelitecavalrywerecapturedinthisbattle,andLiShiminstillledtheXueRengaobrothersandenemycommandersLuoHuandZhaiChangsun.ThereisnodistancebetweenLiShiminandthem,ridingandshooting.ThesurrenderedenemygeneralsaregratefulandfrightenedbyLiShimin'smight,andtheyarewillingtopayfortheirresultswithdeath.Atthattime,LiMihadjustreturned,andLiYuanorderedLiMitorideastagecoachtoBinzhoutomeetLiShimin.LiMisawLiShimin'sbrillianceandmightyappearance,militarymajesty,andhorrifiedadmiration,andprivatelysaidtoYinKaishan:"It'sreallyawiselord.It'snotlikethis.Whyshouldweputdownthechaos?"LiShimintriumphedandofferedvictoryintheTaimiaoTemple.LiYuanappointedhimtheTaiwei,theEasternShaanxiRoad,andtheTaiwanShangshuOrder,guardedtheChangchunPalace,andallthesoldiersandhorsesoftheGuandongwerecontrolledanddispatchedbyhim.SoonafterhewasgiventhetitleofGeneralZuoWuhouandLiangzhouGeneralManager.

InOctoberofthesecondyearofWude(619),LiuWuzhou'ssubordinateSongJingangcapturedHuuzhou,andthearmywasstrong.LiYuanstilloccupiedPuzhoubecauseofWangXingben,LvChongmaorebelledinXiaCounty,andJinandHuizhoufell.TheGuanzhongwasshockedandshocked,soheordered:"Thethievesaresopowerfulthatitisdifficulttocompetewiththem.WeshouldabandonthelandofHedong.,It’sgoodtojustholdKansai.”LiShiminsaid:“Taiyuanisthefoundationoftheking’sindustryandthefoundationofthecountry.Hedong’sprosperityisthecapitalofthecapital.Ifallwereabandoned,theministerwouldfeeldepressedandregretful.Ihopetoborrow30,000soldiersfromthecourt.ItmustbeabletoeliminateLiuWuzhouandrestoreFenandJin.”LiYuandispatchedallGuanzhongsoldiersandhorsestoLiShimin,andpersonallywenttoChangchunPalacetoseeLiShiminoff.

InNovember,LiShiminledhisarmytoLongmenPass,steppedontheiceandcrossedtheYellowRiver,stationedinBobi,andconfrontedtheenemygeneralSongJingang.SoonYonganKingLiXiaojiwasdefeatedinXiaCounty.YuYun,DuguHuai'en,andTangJianwereallcapturedbyenemygeneralsXunxiangandYuchiJingde,andtheywereabouttoreturntoHuizhou.LiShiminsentYinKaishanandQinShubaotointerceptatMeiliangchuanandbrokethroughtheenemyforce.Hefoundtheequivalentandescapedbyhimself.LiShimincapturedallhistribesandreturnedtoBobi.Soallthegeneralscalledforbattle,andLiShiminsaid:"SongKingKongisalonearmythathastraveledthousandsofmiles,deepintoourland,theelitesoldiersandstronggeneralsareallhere.LiuWuzhouoccupiedTaiyuan,relyingexclusivelyonSongKingKongtoresist.Althoughtherearemanysoldiers,theinsideisactuallyveryempty.Iintendtofightquickly.Iconsolidatethebase,rechargemyenergytothwarthisedge,andwhenherunsoutoffood,hewillrunaway."

ThethirdyearofWude(620years),February,SongKingKongfinallyescapedbecauseofthehungerofthearmy,andLiShiminledhisarmytoJiezhou.SongJinganglinedupthearmy,sevenmileslongfromnorthtosouth,toresisttheofficialarmy.LiShiminsentcommandersLiShiji,ChengYaojin,andQinShubaotoresistSongJingang’sarmytothenorth,andZhaiChangsunandQinWutongtoresistSongJingang’sarmytothesouth.Thefightingofthearmiesretreatedslightlyandwasdefeatedbytheenemysoldiers.LiShiminledtheelitecavalrytoattackSongJingangandattackedthebackofhisline.Theenemywasdefeatedandchasedfordozensofmiles.YuchiJingdeandXunxiangledtheremnantsof8,000peopletoreturn.LiShiminstillorderedYuchiJingdetoleadthearmyandmingledwithLiShimin’sbarracks.QuTutongwasafraidofYuchiJingde’srebellion,soheaskedLiShiminnottoletYuchiJingdeleadhistroops..LiShiminsaid:"Inthepast,KingXiao(referringtoEmperorGuangwuLiuXiu)puthisheartandsoultoeveryone,sothateveryonecoulddohisbesttoserve.NowthatWeiChiJingdeisappointed,whyshouldhebeafraid."AtthistimeLiuWuzhourushedtoTurkic,andallofFenzhou.Afterrestoringtheoldland,LiYuanzhaoorderedLiShimintobeworshippedinthearmyasaTaiwaneseedictonYizhouRoad.

InJuly,LiShiminledallthetroopstoattackWangShichonginLuoyi,andthetroopswerestationedinGuzhou.WangShichongledthirtythousandelitesoldierstofightinCijian,andLiShiminusedlightcavalrytolurehim.Atthattime,thecrowdwasoutnumbered,andLiShiminfellintoaheavysiege,andeveryoneontheleftandrightwasterrified.LiShiminorderedthepeopleontheleftandrighttoreturntothecampfirst,andledthearmyaloneattheend.WangShichong'scourageousgeneral,ShanXiongxin,ledhundredsofcavalryinthelanetopushforward,vyingforthefirstattack,andLiShiminwasalmostcapturedbyhim.LiShiminopenedhisbowandarrowstoshootattheenemy.WangShichongthenrelocatedthesoldiersofCijianbacktoLuoyang,theeasterncapital.LiShiminsentthemarchingcommanderShiWanbaofromYiyangtothesouthtooccupytheLongmen,LiuDeweifromTaihangtotheeasttoencircleHanoi,andWangJunkuocutofftheenemy'sgraintransportchannelfromLuokou.HuangJunhanwasdispatchedfromtheXiaoshuiRiverovernighttolaunchasneakattackandreturntoLosAngeles.TherewasnoplacesouthoftheYellowRiverthatdidnotrespond.Thecastlescameonebyoneandreturned,andthearmymovedintoMangshan.InSeptember,LiShiminusedfivehundredcavalrytoobservethebattlefieldsituationfirst,andfinallymetwithmorethan10,000WangShichong.Thetwoarmiesfought,LiShimindefeatedhimagain,beheadedbythreethousand,andcapturedWangShichong'sgeneralChenZhilue.WangShichongonlyescapedbyhimself.TheenvoysofJunzhouGeneralManagerYangQingsentbyhimrequestedsurrender,andLiShiminsentLiShijitoleadhisarmyoutfromZongyuanRoadtoappeaseYangQing'stribe.Ying,Bian,Wei,YuKyushucameonebyonetoreturn.WangShichongaskedDouJiandeforhelp.

InFebruaryofthefourthyearofWude(621),LiShiminstationedintheQingchengPalaceagain.Thefortresshadnotyetbeenestablished.WangShichong’s20,000troopsfacedthevalleyfromFangzhumen.LiShiminusedelitecavalryintheBeimanMountain,causingQuTutongtolead5,000infantrymentocrossthewatertoattackWangShichong,andtooktheopportunitytowarntheQuTupassage:"Whenthetwosidesfight,Iwillletthesmokego.Iwillleadthecavalrytogosouth."Afterthebattle,LiShiminchargedwithcavalry,andhestoodupandchargedforward,echoingQuTu'sinsideandout.Theenemyforcesfoughtdesperately,beingbrokenupandreunitedmanytimes.Fromthemorninguntiltheafternoon,theenemytroopsbegantoretreat.LiShimincommandedthesoldierstopursue,capturedandbeheadedatotalof8,000people,andthenmarchedintothecamptothecity.WangShichongdidnotdaretofightagain,butdefendedhimselfaroundthecity,waitingforDouJiande'srescue.LiShiminsenttroopstodigtrenchesandsurroundthemforlong-termguarding.WuWangDuFuweisenthisgeneralsChenZhengtongandXuZhaozongtoleadtwothousandelitesoldierstojoinintheLiShiminbarracks.PuppetZhengzhouSimaShenyuesurrenderedatHulaoPass.GeneralWangJunguorespondedandcapturedthepuppetKingJingWangXingbenalive.

ItjustsohappenedthatDouJiandeledmorethan100,000troopstorescueWangShichongandreachedthewildjujube.XiaoYu,QuTutong,andFengDeyiallsufferedfromtheenemybecauseoftheirbacksandbacks.Perhapsthisisnotaperfectsolution,theyrequestedtoretiretoGuzhoutowatchthesituation.LiShiminsaid:"WangShichonghasrunoutoffood,internallyandexternally,ourarmydoesnotneedtoattack,andcantakeadvantageoftheenemy'sdefeat.DouJianderecentlyattackedMengHaigong,thegeneralsareproudandthesoldiersarelazy.OurarmytakesWuguanasanoffensive,andguardsthemountainsandrivers.Iftheenemyiscompetingwithourarmy,Iwillbeinevitabletobreaktheenemy.Ifthereisnobattle,thekingwillcollapseonitsownwithintendays.Iftheenemydoesnotattackquickly,theenemyenterstheprison,andthecitieshavejustreturned,itmustbeCan'tholdon.Whatelsecantheydoiftheirtwoforcesmerge?"QuTutongalsoaskedtoclearthesiegetoadangerousplacetowaitfortheenemy'sinternalchanges.LiShimindisagreed.SoQuTutongassistedQiWangLiYuanjitosurroundWangShichong,andLiShiminpersonallyled3,500cavalrytoWujao.

DouJiandewentwestfromXingyangandbuiltafortressinBanzhu,whileLiShiminwasstationedinWulao,andthetwoarmiesfacedeachotherformorethan20days.Apersonwholistenedtothenewsreported:"DetectiveDouJiandeheardthatourarmy'slivestockhadrunoutoffeedandwaitedtograzeonthenorthbankoftheYellowRiver.Whilewaitingforhorsestograze,hetooktheopportunitytoattacktheWujaon."Knowingtheirconspiracy,LiShiminsethishorsetograzeonthenorthbankoftheYellowRiver.Luretheenemy.Inthemorning,DouJiandeledallthesoldiersandhorsestoarrive,displayingthearmyabovethewater.GeneralWangShichong,GuoShiheng,marchedinthesouth,stretchingforseveralmiles,shoutingloudly,andthegeneralswereterrified.LiShiminledafewcavalryonthehighmoundtolookattheenemyarmy,andsaidtothegenerals:"TheculpritshaveraisedtheirtroopsinShandongandhavenevermetapowerfulenemy.Nowtheyhavepassedthroughdangerousplacesandclamored.Thisisamanifestationofnodecree;approaching.Thecitywallisinbattle,andtherearethoughtsofdespisingus.Ican’tputmytroopsout,andtheenemy’smomentumwillbeexhausted.Ifthesoldiersarehungryfortoolong,theywillretreat.Ifyoucometochaseatthistime,youcanbeinvincible.Iagreewithyou,Theenemymustbedefeatedafternoon."DouJiandemovedoutofthebattlefield.Frommorningtillafternoon,thesoldierswerehungryandtired.Theywereallsittinginthearray,fightingfordrinkingwater,andthenretreatinginaninstant.LiShiminsaid:"It'stimetoattack!"Hepersonallyledthelightly-cladcavalrytochaseandluretheenemy,andthearmyarrivedoneafteranother.DouJiandereturnedtothearmy,butbeforehecouldrectifythearray,LiShiminhadalreadyattackedfirst,andtheenemytroopsbrokeupwherevertheyattacked.Soon,allarmieswillcooperateandfight,thedustisflying,andtherearecalls.LiShiminledShiDanai,ChengYaojin,QinShubao,YuWenxinandotherstowavetheirflagsandrushintothebattle.Aftertheybrokeintotheformation,theyhungtheirarmyflags.Theenemylookedbackandsawtheofficialflag,andthewholearmycollapsed.Chasingandattackingforthirtymiles,morethan3,000beheadinglevels,50,000thieveswerecaptured,andDouJiandewascapturedaliveintheformation.LiShiminscoldedhimandsaid,“I’minchargeofWangShichong.It’sWangShichong.Iwon’tdoyourbusiness.WhywouldIcrosstheborderandoffendourarmy?”DouJiandetrembledinfearandsaid,“IfIdon’tcomenow,I’mafraidoftrouble.Youattackmefromadistance!"Then,LiShimintookDouJiandetotheeasterncapital.WangShichongwasveryfrightened,andledmorethan2,000ofhisofficialstothemilitarygatetorequestsurrender,andShandongwasallpacified.LiShiminenteredMiyagiandorderedXiaoYu,DouGuiandotherstosealuptheguards'treasury.Theydidn'ttakeanything,andonlyorderedJiShifangXuanlingtocollectthemapandhouseholdregistration.ThenhekilledmorethanfiftypeopleincludingDuanDa,whocommittedeviltogether,andreleasedalltheunjustlyimprisoned.Thosewhowerenotguiltyweresacrificedandwrotesacrificialtextstoexpresstheircondolences.Treatsoldierswithwineandfood,andawarditemsaccordingtotheirranks.AfterLiYuanheardaboutthisgreatvictory,heorderedShangShuZuoPutoshootPeiJiinthearmytocomforthim,andwroteanedictinhisownhand:"TheSuiDynastycollapsed,LingshanandHanguPasswereseparated.Thetwoheroesreunited,andthedynastywaspeaceful.Thearmyhaswon.,Letalonenocasualties.Youarenotashamedofbeingacourtier,andyouarenotworriedaboutbeingaruler."InJune,LiShimin'sclasstriumphantly,hepersonallyputonthegoldenarmorandlinedup10,000cavalry.Therewere30,000armoredsoldiers,trumpetingthefrontandback,andthetwopuppetmastersDouJiande,WangShichongandSuidynastyartifactswhocontributedtothecaptureinTaimiao.LiYuanbelievedthattheoldofficialrankwasnotcommensuratewiththespecialmeritssinceancienttimes,soheissuedanotheremblemtocommendLiShimin'smeritsandvirtues.InOctober,thetitleofGeneralLiShiminTiancewasadded,andDaxingtaioftheEasternShaanxiProvincewasplacedabovetheprinces.IncreasethenumberofhouseholdsinShiyiby20,000,eventheprevioustotalof30,000.Agoldenchariot,asetofthemaharajah’sgownandacrown,apairofjadebibs,60cattiesofgold,frontandbackadvocacyandninepiecesofmusic,fortypeopleinhonor.

Atthistime,thecountrygraduallybecamepeaceful,soLiShiminconcentratedonreadingthesub-collectionofclassicsandhistory,andopenedaliterarymuseumtowelcometalentedscholarsfromallovertheworld.Eighteenpeople,includingDuRuhui,whoarepartofXingtaijixun,arebachelors.Everytimeyoutaketurnsonduty,LiShiminlowershisstatusanddiscussestheclassicswiththebachelorsinagentlemanner,sometimesendinginthemiddleofthenight.Soon,DouJiande'soldgeneralLiuHeiweirebelledandoccupiedMingzhou.InDecember,LiShiminledtheentirearmytotheeasttoattackhim.

InthefirstmonthofthefifthyearofWude(622),hemarchedintoFeixianganddividedthetroopstocutoffLiuHeiwei'stransportationofgrain.Thetwosidesconfrontedeachotherfortwomonths.LiuHeicaiwasforcedtobeanxioustofight,led20,000infantryandcavalry,crossedMingshuisouth,andapproachedthearmyinthemorning.LiShiminpersonallyledtheelitecavalry,attackedLiuHeizai'scavalry,defeatedhim,trampledonhisinfantrywiththeimpactofvictory,theenemycollapsed,andbeheadedmorethan10,000.Previously,LiShiminsentsomeonetobuildadamtoblockthewaterflowandmakethewaterflowshallow,sothatLiuHeicaihadalreadycrossedthewater.Whenthebattlewasinprogress,thedamwasorderedtobedug.Thefloodrushedtoadepthofmorethanonefoot.Theenemysoldiershadalreadybeendefeated,andtheywerealldrownedinthewater.LiuHeizaiandmorethantwohundredcavalrymenflednorthtoTurkestan.LiShimincapturedallLiuHeizai'stribesandPingding,Hebei.Atthattime,XuYuanlangledhistroopstohinderLiShimininXuandYanzhou.LiShiminreturnedtohisteachertoconquerXuYuanlangandputdownXuYuanlang,soalltheprefecturesandcountiesofHe,Ji,Jiang,andHuaiwereputdown.InOctober,LiYuanjiagaveLiShimintherightandlefttwelvegenerals.

IntheseventhyearofWude(624),theTurksinvadedtheborder.TaizongandtheTurkicarmymetinBinzhou,leadingahundredknightsandentouragetotalkwiththeTurkicleaders.Afterthealliance,theTurkicarmywithdrew.

IntheeighthyearofWude(625years),LiShiminwaspromotedtoZhongshuLing.

TheChangeofXuanwu

Inthe9thyearofWude(626),CrownPrinceLiJianchengandQiWangLiYuanjiwantedtomurderLiShimin.OnJune4th,LiShiminledChangsunWuji,YuchiJingde,FangXuanling,DuRuhui,YuWenshiji,GaoShilian,HouJunji,ChengYaojin,QinShubao,DuanZhixuan,QuTutong,ZhangShiguiandotherstokillatXuanwumen.LiJiancheng,LiYuanji.LiYuanwasshockedandappointedLiShiminasthecrownprinceonJune8.AllgovernmentaffairsweredecidedbyLiShimin.LiShiminthenletgooftheeagledogsraisedinthepalacegardenandstoppedcollectingtherareandprecioustreasurestributedbyallparties.Thepoliticalprincipleadvocatessimplicityandseriousness,andtheworldisoverjoyed.Healsoorderedthevariousofficialstosubmitamemorialtoeachofthem,statingindetailthekeytostabilizingtheheartsofthepeopleandgoverningthecountry.OnJune13th,heordered:"Accordingtotheetiquetteandlaw,thetwonamesoftheemperorshouldnotbetabooforacertainword.Inmoderntimes,bothnameshavebeentaboo,andtherehavebeenmanyplaceswheretheyareabolished.Anytabooisagainsttheclassics.ThoseofficialsNumbers,names,publicandprivateliteraturebooks,wherethetwowords"Shimin"arenotconsecutive,donotneedtobetaboo."TheYouzhouMetropolitanGovernmentwasrevoked.Onthe15th,theDaxingtaioftheEasternShaanxiRoadwasabolishedandtheMingzhouDuduMansionwasestablished;theYizhouDaxingtaiwasabolishedandtheYizhouDudufuwasestablished.Onthe26th,thegovernorofYouzhou,LujiangKingLiYuan,attemptedtorebelandwasabandonedasanordinarycitizen.Onthe29th,TianceMansionwasrevoked.

OntheninthdayofAugustintheninthyearofWude(September4,626),LiYuanpassedthethronetoLiShimin,andLiShiminascendedthethroneintheXiandeHalloftheEastPalace.SendSikongandWeiGuogongPeiJitoburnfirewoodtosacrificetotheskyinthesouthernsuburbs,andamnestytheworld.SincethefirstyearofWude(618),allthosewhohavebeenpunishedandexiledforspeakingouthavebeenputback.Civilandmilitaryofficialswhohadnoprevioustitlesofrank5oraboveweregiventhefirstrank,andranksbelowthe6thrankweregiventhefirstrank.Theworldisexemptfromtaxationforoneyear.OnAugust18th,threethousandcourtladieswerereleasedhome.Onthe19th,theTurkicJielikKhanandtheTurkKhaninvadedJingzhou.Onthe20th,theTurksinvadedmartialarts,andthecapitalwasundermartiallaw.Onthe21st,thelong-termSunwasthequeen.Onthe24th,theTurksinvadedGaoling.Onthe26th,themarchingcommander,WeiChiJingde,foughtagainsttheTurksinJingyang,smashingtheTurksandbeheadingmorethan1,000.Onthe28th,JieLiKhanarrivedattheedgeoftheWeishui.LiShiminandJieLihadadialogueacrosstheWeishuiandaccusedhimofbetrayingthecontract.Soonafterthearmyarrived,JieLiKhansawTangJunjun'smajestyandmajesty,andknewthathehadbeenarrestedforfailuretothink.Hewassoterrified,soheaskedforreconciliation,andtheedictagreed.LiShiminreturnedtothepalacethatday.Onthe30th,Zongdrovetothetemporarybridgeagain,andsetanoathwithJieLiKhantokillthewhitehorse,andtheTurksretreated.

OnthefirstdayofSeptember,JieLiKhanoffered3,000horsesand10,000sheep.LiShiminrefusedtoacceptandorderedJieLitoreturnthelootedChinesepopulation.Startingonthe22nd,LiShiminledalltheinfantrygeneralsoftheForbiddenArmytolearnarcheryintheXiandePalace.Heinterviewedhimself,andtheshooterwasrewardedwithabow,knife,clothandsilk.TherearemanyadvisersintheDPRK,butLiShiminrefusestoacceptthem.Sincethen,thesoldiershavebecomeelitetroops.Onthe27th,theedictorderedprivatehomesnottoestablishdemongodswithoutauthorization,andtosetupinappropriatesacrificesatwill.Sacrificesandprayersthatwerenotinaccordancewiththeetiquetteandlawswerestrictlyforbidden.Exceptforthefivetypesofdivination,tortoiseshellsandbeastbones,othermiscellaneousdivinationsarealsostoppedandprohibitedfrombeingused.

OntheeighthdayofNovember,LiChengqian,thekingofSunYat-sen,becamethecrownprince.OnthefifthdayofNovember,thecountyprincefromtheroyalfamilywhohadnotestablishedmeritoriousserviceswasdemotedtothecountyofficial.OnDecember19,LiShimininterrogatedandrecordedtheprisoners’crimes.Inthesameyear,LiKe,kingofChangshaCounty,wasnamedtheKingofHanJin,andLiYou,kingofYiyangCounty,wasnamedKingofChu.

TheRuleofZhenguan

OnthefirstdayofthefirstmonthofthefirstyearofZhenguan(627),theYuanwaschanged.Onthe17thofthefirstlunarmonth,thekingofYanjunLiYi(thatis,LuoYi)occupiedJingzhoutorebel,andwassoonkilledbythepeopleontheleftandright,andsentthefirstleveltothecapitaltoshowthepublic.TaketheservantshootthesinusrailasthechiefgovernorofYizhou.OnApril12,LiYouliang,thegovernorofLiangzhouandthekingofChangleCounty,wasguiltyandexecuted.OnthefirstdayofSeptember,whenthesunandthemoonarecombined,thereisasolareclipse.Onthe12th,dispatchedenvoystoinspectthedamagedfarmlandsinvariousstatestoprovidereliefandcondolencestothepoor.OnOctober18th,Taizongfrugaldietduetofamine.OnDecember30th,LizhougovernorLiXiaochangandYouWuweigeneralLiuDeyuconspiredandwereexecuted.

OnthefifthdayofthefirstlunarmonthinthesecondyearofZhenguan(628),TuyuhuninvadedMinzhou,andthegovernorLiDaoyandefeatedthem.OnMarch15th,LiJingservedasthechiefoftheGuanneiRoadmarchtodefendagainsttheinvasionoftheXueYantuotribe.OnMarch22,dispatchedenvoystopatrolallpartsoftheGuan,andtookoutmoneyandtreasurestohelpthehungrypeopleredeemtheirsoldchildren.Onthe23rd,duetothedroughtandlocustdisaster,LiShimindeclaredhimselftobeamnesty.OnthethirddayofApril,theexposedcorpsesofthepeopleoftheSuiDynastywereburied.Onthe26th,LiangLuoren,theShuofangperson,killedLiangShiduandsurrenderedtothecourt.OnNovember19th,aceremonywasheldinthesouthernsuburbsofBeijing.

OnApril23rdofthethirdyearofZhenguan(629),LiShiminbegantolistentopoliticsintheTaijiHall.OnJune8,becauseofthedrought,LiShiminpersonallyreviewedandrecordedtheprisoners’guilt.ChangsunWuji,FangXuanlingandothersweresenttoprayforraininfamousmountainsandrivers,andDuZhenglunfromZhongshusheandothersweresenttotheprefecturesinGuanneitocomfortandcomfort.Healsoorderedthecivilandmilitaryofficialstoputonasealedmemorialandtrytotellthepoliticalgainsandlosses.OnNovember22,LiJi,thegovernorofBingzhou,wasappointedasthecommanderoftheTonghanRoadmarching,andLiJing,theShangshuoftheMinistryofWar,wasthecommanderoftheDingxiangRoadmarchinginordertofighttheTurks.LeapOnDecember17th,theedictbuiltatempleforthevictimsofthewarriorswhodiedinthebattleattheplacewheretherebelshadbeenengagedsincetheestablishmentoftheedict.OrderYuShinan,LiBoyao,ChuLiang,YanShigu,CenWenwen,XuJingzong,ZhuZisheandotherstosetupinscriptionsforthemtorecordtheirachievements.

OnMarch15thinthefourthyearofZhenguan(630),ZhangBaoxiang,deputycommanderofthemarchofDatongRoad,capturedJieliKhanaliveanddedicatedittothecapital.Onthe29th,LiShiminreportedtoTaimiaothatJieLiKhanhadbeencaptured.OnApril2ndofXia,whenhedrovetoShuntianGate,theofficercaughtJieLiandofferedvictory.Fromthenon,thenorthwesterncountriesallrequestedtogivetheemperorthetitle"TianKhan",sotheemperorsentdownasealtogranttheirruler.

OnSeptember8th,theordertoburythebonessouthoftheGreatWallstillmadepeoplesacrifice.Onthe20th,thetombsofwisekings,sageemperors,andwiseministersandheroesfromancienttimeswereorderednottomowgrassandgraze.

OnOctober1stinwinter,IdrivetoLongzhouandamnestythetwoprefecturesofLongzhouandQiduetospecialcircumstances,andexemptthemfromtaxationandserviceforoneyear.

Onthe13thdayoftheSpringFestivalinthefifthyearofZhenguan(631),duringtheinspectionattheKunmingChiUniversity,alltheemperorsoftheminorityareasfollowed.OnDecember17,drovetoWentang.Onthe18th,huntinginLishan.Onthe23rd,IcamebackfromWentang.

OnFebruary2,thesixthyearofZhenguan(632years),theTaishi,Taifu,andTaibaoofficialsweresetup.Onthe4th,thelawschoolbegantobesetup.OnMarch15th,drivetoJiuchengPalace.WintercomesfromJiuchengPalaceonOctober5th.

OnNovember3oftheseventhyear(633years),thenewly-decided"FiveClassics"waspromulgated.

Onthe28thoftheeighthyear(634),GeneralZhangShigui,GeneralofYoutunwei,attackedtherebelliousLiaoclanintheeastandwestfiveholesandputthemdown.Onthe29th,therightservantofShangShuwasorderedtoshootLiJing,specialadvancetoXiaoWangyu,YangGongren,WangGui,WangGuioftheMinistryofRites,WeiTing,theofficialdoctoroftheMinistryofRites,ShiHuangfuWuyi,GovernoroftheMetropolitanCapitalofPanzhou,andShiLiXi,GovernoroftheMetropolitanofYangzhouYu,YouzhouMetropolitanGovernorShiZhangLiang,LiangzhouMetropolitanGovernorLiDaliang,theright-leadinggeneralDouDan,theprinceZuoConcubineDuZhenglun,MianzhouGovernorLiuDewei,andHuangmenMinisterZhaoHongzhiwentasenvoystoobservefolkcustoms.

InwinterOctober,GeneralYouXiaoweiandBaoguoDukeDuanZhixuanhitTuyuhun,brokeit,andchasedformorethan800miles.OnNovember3and19,TuyuhuninvadedLiangzhou.Onthe21st,TuyuhundetainedmyenvoyZhaoDekai.OnDecember3,LiJingwasorderedtojointhearmy,HouJunji,ShangshuoftheMinistryofWar,Daozong,thekingofthecityofXingshu,andLiDaliang,thegovernorofLiangzhou,wereorderedtobethechiefcommanders.Onthe17th,theemperorfollowedtheSupremeEmperorinamilitaryparadeinthewestofthecity.

InthespringofMarchofthe9thyear(635),TaozhouQiangrebelledandkilledKongChangxiu.Onthe16th,anamnesty.Eachtownshiphasonemayorandtwoassistantofficials.Onthe19th,GaoZengsheng,thechiefofYanzeRoad,brokethroughthenumerousrebelliousQiangpeople.RunOnApril28th,ChiefExecutivesLiJing,HouJunji,LiDaliang,andRenchengKingDaozongbrokeTuyuhuninNiuxindui.OnMay1st,hebrokeTuyuhunagaininWuhai,chasingblowsuntilBohai.ThedeputychiefsXueWanjunandXueWanchebrokeTuyuhunagaininChishuiyuan,andcapturedtwentypeopleofthefamousTuyuhunking.Onthe6th,theSupremeEmperorpassedawayinDa'anPalace.Onthe18th,LiJingcalmedTuyuhunabovetheWestSeaandcapturedTuyuhunKingMurongFuyun.BecausehissonMurongShunguangsurrendered,hebecamethekingofXipingCountyandrestoredTuyuhun'sowncountry.Onthe21stofautumnJuly,theTaimiaowasbuiltintosixrooms.OnOctober27th,EmperorTaiwuwasburiedinXianlingMausoleum.OnNovember16th,thegodofthehighancestorsworshippedattheancestraltemple.OnDecember12,MurongShunguang,kingofXipingCountyofTuyuhunwaskilledbyhissubordinates,andHouJunji,ShangshuoftheMinistryofWar,wassenttopacifythearmy.HestillnamedNuohubo,sonofMurongShunguang,thekingofHeyuanCountyandmadehimcommandtheTuyuhuntribe..

EmperorFanJiaozi

InAprilofthe17thyearofZhenguan(643),PrinceLiChengqianwasabolishedforthecrimeoftreason,andEmperorTaizongofTangmadehisninthsonJinWangLiZhilihisprince.,Andstrictlydisciplinetheprince.

Onthefirstmonthofthe22ndyearofZhenguan(648),EmperorTaizongbestowedhistwelvearticlesof"EmperorFan"toPrinceLiZhi,andwarnedhim:"YoushoulduseancientThesagesandwisekingsasteachers,likeme,absolutelycannotimitate.BecauseifyoutaketheDharmafromabove,youcanonlygainfromit.IfyoutaketheDharmafromthemiddle,youcanonlygainfromit.SinceIbecamethethrone,IhavecommittedTherearemanymistakes:thebeautifulpearlsandjadeareinthefront,thepalacesandthepalacesareoftenintrigued,thedogs,horses,eaglesandfalconsareindistinguishable,travelingeverywheretoprovidetrouble.AllthesearethebiggestmistakesIhavecommitted,don'ttakemeSetanexampletoimitatetheexample."

Diedduetoillness

Inthe23rdyearofZhenguan(649),EmperorTaizongofTangbecameill(onesaidthathetookTianzhulongevitymedicinewhichcausedsevereillness)andhealedhim.Intheend,itwasinvalidandorderedLiZhitogotoJinyementorepresentthestateaffairs.

OnMay26th(July10,649)ofthe23rdyearofZhenguan,TaizongdiedintheHanfengHallofCuiweiPalaceonZhongnanMountain.Thefirstposthumousemperor,namedTaizong,wasburiedinZhaoling.

InthefirstyearofEmperorGaozongofTangDynasty(674),theposthumousemperorWenwuwasadded,theeighthyearofEmperorXuanzongTianbao(749),theemperorWenwuwasadded,andthethirteenthyearofTianbao(754)wasaddedtheposthumousemperorWenwuShengdaGuangxiaoEmperor.

Politicsmeasures

Politics

Employingtalents

NotlongafterLiShiminbecametheemperor,accordingtotheliteratureofthePrinceofQinThemodelofthemuseumistosetuptheHongwenPaviliontofurtherreservetalents.LiShiminknowspeoplewell,employsmeritocracy,regardlessoforigin.Intheearlystage,herecruitedFangXuanlingandDuRuhui,andlaterappointedgrandsonWuji,YangShidao,ChuSuiliang,etc.,allofwhomwereloyalandhonest;otherssuchasLiJiandLiJingwerealsoageneration.Celebrities.Inaddition,LiShiminalsodisregardedthepredecessors,reusedtheoldministryWeiZhengandWangGui,andsentgeneralssuchasWeiChigongandQinQiong.Thetalentswereabundant.HealsoorderedGaoShilian,LinghuDefen,andotherstore-editthe"ClanHistory",focusingonmorality,advocacy,andmeritoriousservice,replacingtheworldwithheroes;andthroughtheimperialexamination,itrecruitedtalentedordinaryscholarsandreplacedthefamilywiththeimperialexamination.Asaresult,thechancesofunderprivilegedchildrenbecomingofficialhasgreatlyincreased,bringinganewatmospheretothepoliticalarena.Inaddition,heevenacceptedFengDeyi'sproposalandorderedtheclantobeanofficialinordertogetridofhisvicesofenjoyingwealth.

Improvethesystem

DuringLiShimin'sreign,theSuisystembecamemoreperfect.Forexample,thecentralimperialcourtcontinuedthethree-provinceandsix-ministersystem,andsetupspecialpoliticalaffairshallstofacilitatecollegiateinquiriesaboutpolitics,andtotakeadvantageoftheeffectofthethreeprovinces'mutualrestraint;thelocalgovernmentfollowedtheSuiDynasty'stwo-levelsystemofcountiesandcounties,dividedintotenprisondistrictsacrossthecountry(road).Inaddition,themilitarysystemofthegovernmentincorporatedsoldiersinagriculture;thesystemofequalizationofland,thesystemofrentingthecommonwealth,andtheimperialexaminationsystemwerealldeveloped.

CongJianRuliu

LiShimintooktheSuiYangEmperor’srefusaltosubduethecountryasaprecept,andafterascendingtothethrone,hetriedhisbesttospeak.Heexpandedthepoweroftheadviser,Healsoencouragedtheofficialstocriticizehisdecision-makingandstyle.Amongthem,WeiZhengtingadvisedhimmorethan200times.ThefaultoftheEmperorCheninthecourthallcausedmanyembarrassingsituationsintheearlydynastythatmadeLiShiminunabletostepdown.Forexample,WangGui,MaZhou,SunFujia,andChuSuiliangareallwell-knownfortheirextremeadvice.Inhislateryears,LiShiminwasnotasacceptingofadviceashisearlydaysbecauseoftheprosperityofhiscountry,andoccasionallyregrettedkillingtheministerbymistake,butheremainedrestrainedandmaintainedademeanorofadmonition.

Attachimportancetotheruleoflaw

DuringtheperiodofZhenguan,underLiShimin'sgovernance,thesocietydidnotclosetheirhouseholdsatnightanddidnotpickupthethings.InthefouryearsofZhenguan(630),therewereonly29prisonerssentencedtodeathinthecountry.InthesixthyearofZhenguan(632years),thenumberofexecutedprisonersincreasedto290.Attheendoftheyear,LiShiminallowedthemtogohomeforfuneralaffairs,anddiedwhentheycamebackintheautumnoftheseventhyearofZhenguan(633)(anexecutionintheautumninancienttimes).IntheautumnoftheseventhyearofZhenguan,all290prisonerswerereturned,andnoneofthemescaped.

TheReignofZhenguan

IntheSuiDynasty,YangGuangcausedseriouschaosintheendoftheSuiDynasty,resultinginasharpdeclineinpopulation,leavingonly2millionhouseholdsintheWudeperiodandthebeginningofZhenguan.LiShiminoftentakesthedeathoftheSuiDynastyasaprecept,paysattentiontoself-restraintdesires,andaskshisministersnottostopadmonitionforfearofdispleasedness,andstrivetogovern.Inpolitics,hewillnotblamethepast,knowpeopleandbegoodathisresponsibilities,followtheadviceandrectifytheofficials;economically,BoFuwasthriftyandcautiousinhispolitics;hewasalsocommittedtorevivingcultureandeducationtostabilizetheturbulentsituationattheendoftheSuiDynasty.

LiShiminattachesgreatimportancetotheQingmingofofficialgovernance.HeonceorderedFangXuanlingprovincetomakeredundantstaff,andsent13ambassadorsincludingLiJingtoinspectthecountrytoinspectthepublicopinion;hepersonallyselectedthegovernor,thegovernorandotherlocalofficials,andputThemeritsanddemeritsarewrittenonthescreeninthepalaceasthebasisforrewardsandpunishmentsforraisingandlowering.Inaddition,itisstipulatedthatBeijingofficialswithfivegradesandabovetaketurnstostayinZhongshuProvince,sothattheycanseethecourtatanytimetoinquireabouttheproblemsofthepeopleandthegainsandlossesofgovernance.Thehundredofficialsthenencouragetheirintegrityanddirectlyimprovetheefficiencyofthegovernment.

Inthemilitary,LiShiminusedforeigntroopsmanytimes,successivelysuppressingTurks,Xuyantuo,Huihe,Gaochang,Yanqi,Qiuci,Tuyuhun,etc.,becauseoftheprestigeoftheTangDynasty,thefourpartiesservedasguests.

ThroughtheeffortsofLiShiminandhisministersfor23years,socialstability,economicrecoveryandstabledevelopment,foreignmartialartsprominent,byAD652(TangGaozongYonghuithreeyears),thepopulationreachedmorethan3.8millionThehouseholdslaidthefoundationfortheprosperityoftheTangDynastyduringthereignsofEmperorGaozong,WuZetian,andXuanzongoftheTangDynasty.ItisknownastheruleofZhenguaninhistory.

Economy

Intheeconomy,LiShiminimplementsthesystemofequalizationoflandandthemodulationofrents,whichmakesitpossibleforfarmerstostabilizeproduction,andsometimescultivates,whichpromoteseconomicdevelopment.Payattentiontoagricultureandreducetaxesandlaborforfarmers."Quitextravaganceandbesimple"andrestrainone'sdesireforenjoyment;togetridofthebadgovernmentof"thepeoplearelessandtheofficialsaremore"willhelpalleviatethepeople'sburden.

TheZhenguanperiodwasararedynastythatdidnotdiscriminateagainstbusinessinChinesehistory.Itnotonlydidnotdiscriminate,butalsoprovidedmanyconvenientconditionsforbusinessdevelopment.ThisfurtherreflectsLiShimin'slong-termvision.UndertheadvocacyoftheLiShimingovernment,thecommercialeconomyoftheZhenguanDynastymaderapidandsubstantialprogress,andnewcommercialcitiessprunguplikebambooshootsafterarain.Atthattime,morethanhalfoftheworld'sfamouscommercialcitieswereconcentratedinChina.InadditiontoJiaozhou,Guangzhou,Mingzhou,andFuzhoualongthecoast,thereareHongzhou(NanchangCity,JiangxiProvince),Yangzhou,Yizhou(Chengdu,SichuanProvince)intheinland,andShazhouandLiangzhouinthenorthwest.ThecapitalChang'anandtheaccompanyingcapitalLuoyangareworldmetropolises.

The"SilkRoad"openedupintheHanDynastyhasalwaysbeenalinkbetweenthematerialcivilizationsoftheEastandtheWest.TheTangDynastyhasavastterritory.FourtownsinAnxiwereestablishedintheWesternRegions.Kazakhstan),providingastablesocialorderandeffectivesecurityforbusinesstravelbetweentheEastandtheWest.Asaresult,businesstravelontheSilkRoadisendless,andawidevarietyofbulkgoodsarepassedbetweentheEastandtheWest,makingtheSilkRoadasuccess.Thegoldencorridorofthewholeworld.

Military

OnApril26,RenyinDay(June3,628)ofthesecondyearofZhenguan,LiangLuorenfromShuofangkilledLiangShidu,theleaderofXiazhouseparatistforces,andreturnedtoTangDynasty,theTangDynastyunifiedthecountry.

InthefourthyearofZhenguan(630),LiShiminorderedLiJingtogotoSaibeitochallengethesupremacyoftheEastTurksinEastAsia.UnderLiJing'sdispatch,theTangarmydestroyedtheEastTurks,andLiShiminwasreveredasthe"KhanofHeaven"bytheWesternRegions.

AfterthesuppressionoftheTurks,TaizongcontinuedtooperatetheWesternRegionsandusedtroopsseveraltimes.IntheeighthyearofZhenguan(634years),theTaizongsentLiJing,HouJunji,andLiDaozongtoattackTuyuhun.Thefollowingyear,TuyuhunFuyunKhanfledintothedesertandwaslaterkilledbytheChinese.TaizongsetupanotherKingofTuyuhun.

InthethirteenthyearofZhenguan(639),EmperorTaizongmadeatributetotheWesternRegionswiththeKingofGaochangQuwen,andorderedHouJunjiandXueWanchetoleadtroopstodefeatGaochang.Thefollowingyear,KuWentaidiedofillness,andhissonKuZhishengsucceededtothethroneandsurrenderedtotheTangDynasty.TaizongthensetupAnxiDuhuMansioninJiaoheCity,thecapitalofGaochang,andallcountriesintheWesternRegionspaidtributetoChang'an.

InFebruaryofthenineteenthyearofZhenguan(645),EmperorTaizongoftheTangDynastyledthesixarmiesandmarchednorthfromLuoyangtoattackGoguryeoonthegroundsthattheregentofGoguryeokilledthepeopleandabusedthepeople.TangJunwonmanybigvictories.Intheend,becausethelocalareabecamecoldearly,thegrasswaswitheredandthewaterwasfrozen,thehorsesandhorsescouldnotstayforalongtime,andthefoodwasrunningout,sotheclassteacherreturned.

TangTaizongpersonallyconqueredGoguryeo,capturedXuantuo,Hengshan,Gaimu,Momi,Liaodong,Baiyan,Beisha,Maigu,Yinshan,Houhuangtencities,andmovedtoLiao,GaiandYan.With70,000registeredpermanentresidentsinChina,thethreemajorbattlesofXincheng,Jian'an,andGarrisonwipedoutalargenumberofGoguryeotroops,andcapturedGoguryeo’sfirstrankofmorethan40,000(usuallythenumberofenemieskilledisfarmorethanthenumberofbeheadings,suchasthebattleofPyongyang,theMingarmybeheaded800,butTheKonishiFirstArmylostmorethan10,000),andtheTangJunsoldiersdiedlessthantwothousandpeople.TheTangJunalsoseizedalargenumberofarmors,horses,cattle,etc.fromGoguryeo.(DuringTangTaizong'spersonalconquestofGoguryeo,theTangarmywonmanygreatvictories.Onlyinthe150,000armyofGaoYanshouandGaoHuizhenwhowipedoutGoguryeo,theTangarmyalsoseized50,000horses,50,000cows,armoredcollars,andmanyothers.Equipment.)TangTaizong'spersonalconquestofGoguryeo,theresultsfaroutweighedthelosses,whichisconducivetothecontinuedconquestofGoguryeoandtheexterminationofGoguryeo.

Afterthis,TangTaizonglaunchedsomeattacksonGoguryeo,weakeningGoguryeo,andTangJunalsowon.Inthe21styearofZhenguan(647years),TaizongorderedNiuJinda,LiJi,andLiHaigantoleadtroopsintoGoguryeofrombothlandandwater.LiJiledhisarmyacrosstheLiaoshuiRiverandpassedthroughseveralcitiessuchasNansu.MostoftheGoguryeosoldiersfoughtwiththeirbacksagainstthecitywall.LiJidefeatedthemandburnedtheoutercitybeforereturningtohisdivision.NiuJindaandLiHaiganledtheirtroopsintotheterritoryofGoguryeo.Aftermorethanonehundredbattles,theywereinvincibleandconqueredStoneCity.MarchingtoJiliCity,morethan10,000Goryeosoldierscameoutofthecitytofight,LeeHaijiandefeatedhimandbeheadedtwothousandlevels(usuallythenumberofenemieskilledisfarmorethanthenumberofbeheadings).InDecember,KingGoguryeoaskedhissonMoLizhiRenwutoenterthecourttoapologize.Inthe22ndyearofZhenguan(648),theancientspiritledtheTangarmytocrosstheseatoattackGoguryeo.WhentheyencounteredtheGoguryeoarmy5,000cavalry,theTangarmydefeatedtheminYishan.Thatnight,morethan10,000Goguryeotroopsattackedtheshipoftheancientgodsandweredefeatedbytheancientgodsagain.XueWancheledtheTangarmyacrossYaluandarrivedatBozhuoCity.TheGoguryeopeoplewereafraidandgaveuptheirresidenceandfled.Thewarchief'shusbandandgrandsonresisted,XueWancheattackedthehusbandandsun,anddefeated30,000Goguryeoreinforcements.

InthenineteenthyearofZhenguan(645),XueYantuoleaderDomiKhanbegantofightagainstthearmyoftheTangDynasty.Thefollowingyear,aftertheTangarmycounterattackedanddefeatedBazhuo,XueYantuo'svassalHuihesenttroopstokillhim.Dezhuo'scousinYiTeWushiKhanDuomosurrenderedtotheTangarmy,andXueYantuoperished.

Inthe20thyearofZhenguan(646years),theTangDynastyestablishedAnbeiDuhuMansioninMobei,andShanyuDuhuMansioninMonan,establishingLuofuStateinthesouth(nowHajing,Vietnam),NorthKuoXuanqueprefecture(laterrenamedYuwuprefecture,present-dayAngaraRiverarea),westandAnxiprefecture(nowBukhara,Uzbekistan),andthevastterritoryofGobeprefecture(nowTonghua,Jilin)​​totheeast.

Culture

IntheearlyyearsofZhenguan,LiShiminorderedtocollectpicturesandbooksnationwide,gathermorethan200,000volumesoffourbooksintheHongwenHall,andbuildthe"HongwenHall"nexttotheHongwenHall.Tostorepicturesandbooks.YuShinan,ChuWuliang,YaoSilian,andOuyangXunwereappointedasbachelors,andWeiZheng,YuShinan,YanShigu,andotherfamousscholarsandmastersweresuccessivelyappointedassecretariesandsupervisorstobeinchargeofthenationallibraryandbookcollectionbusiness.Thebookkeeperisthebookkeeper,andanofficialwhoinspectstheschool'scollectionissetupintheHongwenguan,whowillwrite,sort,andcollatethebooksintheinnerlibraryandbeinchargeofthepalace.Inadditiontothe"Hongwenguan",theofficialbookcollectioninstitutionsalsohavethe"HistoricalMuseum",the"ScienceBureau",the"SecretaryDepartment"andthe"ChongwenMuseum".Thequalityandquantityoftheircollectionsfarexceedthoseofpreviousgenerations.Prepared".Inhislateryears,duetothecontinuoususeofsoldierstobuildpalaces,miscellaneoustaxesbecameincreasinglyheavier.

Nation

AtthebeginningoftheTangDynasty,therewastheharassmentofJihuintheeast,thethreatofTuyuhuninthewest,andtheinvasionofTurksinthenorth,especiallytheTurkicarmedforcesruledbyslave-ownersandnobles.ItonceapproachedthesuburbsofChang'an(nowXi'an),thecapitaloftheTangDynasty,andbecamethemainthreatatthattime.AfterLiShimintookthethrone,afterthreeorfouryearsofseriousefforts,thecountry'seconomicstrengthhasimprovedsignificantly,theregimehasbeenconsolidatedtoacertainextent,andtheharassmentoftheTurkshasshiftedfromdefensetocounterattack.Butatthesametime,itadoptsapolicyofnostalgiafortheethnicminoritiesaroundit.

InSeptemberofthe9thyearofWude(626),atthebeginningofhisascension,EmperorTaizongsaid:"Thekingregardstheworldasafamily.Withintheconfinement,thereareallmysons."InthefirstyearofZhenguan(627),Healsosaid:"Iregardtheworldasmyhome."IntheeighteenthyearofZhenguan(644),healsosaid:"Yidiisalsoahumanear,andhisloveisnotdifferentfromthatofZhongxia.TheownerdoesnothavetoworryaboutDeze,andthereisnoneedtobejealousofaliens.GaiDezecha,thefourbarbarianscanbelikeafamily;iftherearetoomanysuspicions,thefleshandbloodwillinevitablybecomeenemies."Inthe21styearofZhenguan(647),hesaid:"Sinceancienttimes,Chinaisprecioustothebarbarians.Therefore,hiscultivationdependsonmeasmyparents."ThiskindofknowledgeandthoughtofEmperorTaizongofTangshowedhisbenevolentandgenerousmindinhandlingethnicrelationsandSino-foreignrelations.Undertheguidanceofthiskindofthinkingandmind,duringtheZhenguanperiod,averyenlightenedandfriendlypolicyofethnicrelationsandSino-foreignrelationswasimplemented.

InthefourthyearofZhenguan(630),aftertheTangDynastydestroyedtheEastTurkicKhanate,itdidnotadoptthehistoricallycustomarymeasuresofseparationanddismemberment,butadoptedthepolicyof"allthetribesandfollowtheircustoms".RespectandretainthesocialorganizationandcustomsoftheTurks.IntheareafromYouzhou(nowBeijing)intheeasttoLingzhou(nowNingxia),thefourprefecturesofShun,You,Hua,andChangzhouhavebeensetupproperlytobeplacedintheTurkicdescendants.Inaddition,DingxiangandYunzhonghavebeensetupintheTurkicoriginalsettlementstomanagetheTurkicresidents.ThegovernorsofthesegovernorhouseswereallheadsoftheTurkictribe,andtheycouldbehereditary,creatinganewsystemofjimbuprefectures.Theenlightenedandfriendlypolicysoonachievedgoodresults.

Inthe21styearofZhenguan(647years),EmperorTaizongoftheTangDynastywaschampionedbyHuiheandothertribesas"TianKhan"andbecametheco-lordandsupremeleaderofallraces.A"ToweringKhanRoad"wasestablishedinthenorth,"Sixty-eightpoststationsweresetup,eachwithhorses,wineandmeat,forthepast."Fromthenon,"theprincesoftheWesternRegionsandNorthernWildernessesweregiventotheWesternRegionsandtheNorthernWildernesseswithaseal,andtheywereallcalled'EmperorTianKhan.'Thesystemofcanonization.EmperorTaizongoftheTangDynastyalsoimplementedapolicyofliaisonwithTuboandotherethnicminorities,andcoordinatedandstrengthenedrelationswiththesurroundingethnicgroupsthroughmarriageandaffection.Thelong-termimplementationofenlightenedandfriendlyethnicrelationspoliciesandsystemsintheTangDynastygreatlyreducedthegapbetweentheHanandethnicminorities,strengthenedtheextensivecomplementarityandintegrationoffleshandbloodamongethnicgroups,andrealizedthegrandsituationofmulti-ethniccommondevelopmentandprogress.ItwasintheTangDynastythatthenewpronounoftheChinesenation-"Tangren"wasformed,layingthefoundationofthemodernChinesenation.

Diplomacy

Sino-foreignrelationsarealsorapidlyflourishing.InthelaterperiodofZhenguan,"thefourbarbariankingsandleaders,vyingtosendenvoystooffertheirviews,theroadsareendless,everyYuanDynastycelebrates,oftenhundredsofthousandsofpeople."

• Tubo

OnthefirstmonthofthefifteenthyearofZhenguan(641),EmperorTaizongofTangwasinTuboAttherequestofSongtsenGambo,Zanzeng(theruler),hepromisedtomarryPrincessZongnvWenchengtohim,andsentLiDaozong,theShangshuoftheMinistryofRites,toescorttheprincesstoTibet.SongtsenGampowasoverjoyedwhenheheardthenews,andhepersonallytraveledfromthecapitalLuxie(nowLhasa,Tibet)toHeyuan(nowLakeWest,ElingCounty,QinghaiProvince),andmetLiDaozonginthegiftofhisson-in-law.Fromthenon,TuboandtheTangdynastybecamenephews,learningfromeachotherandgettingalongwitheachotherinfriendship.

• India

Accordingtothe"DaTangWesternRegions·Volume5",duringtheZhenguanperiodThemonkChenXuanzangstudiedinIndiaformorethantenyears,andheattractedtheattentionofakingofNorthIndia.

India’sKingJieritoldtheTangmonkwhohadcomefromafarabouttheinformationhehadlearnedabouttheTangDynasty:“IheardthatyouremperoriscalledKingQin.Hehadanextraordinaryexperiencewhenhewasyoung,andhewillbewisewhenhegrowsup.Shenwu.Previously,theworldwasinchaos,thecountrywasfallingapart,thewarwasstillfrequent,andthecreatureswerefrustrated.YourKingQinhadalong-termplan,acompassionateheart,savinglives,andcalmingthesea.Itscustomsandenlightenmentandgreatvirtuesarealloverthecountryandabroad,andthefoursidesadmireandbecomeministers.Thepeoplewereverygrateful,sotheyplayedandsang"TheKingofQinBreakingtheFormationMusic."Wehaveheardpraisesabouthimforalongtime.Isittruethathisreputationistrue?TheGreatTangDynastyyoumentionedreferstotheKingofQin.Thecountry?"

ThesewordsrevealedthatKingJieriknewsomethingaboutthepoliticalandmilitaryformsoftheSuiandTangdynasties.HeknewaboutthechaosintheendoftheSuiDynasty,andthattheKingofQinLiShiminwasthefounderoftheTangdynasty.Oneofthem,andhestartedwhenhewasyoung.InthedisputesoftheendoftheSuiDynasty,heusedhiswisegodtoputdowntheheroesandmadegreatcontributionsintheprocessoffoundingtheKingdomofTangDynasty.Moreinterestingly,healsoknewthattherewasasongcalled"QinWangPoZhenLe"onthepopmusicchartsduringtheZhenguanperiod.Ofcourse,afterall,therearelimitationsinthemeansofcommunication.KingJieri’sknowledgeofLiShimin’sidentitystillrestsonthetitleofKingQin.

WhenKingJieritalkedaboutLiShimin,hehadaverycordialfeeling.Infact,LiShiminandKingJierioftensendmessengerstointeract.

Historicalevaluation

Self-evaluation:①TherearefivethingsthatIcandowiththis:sinceancienttimes,theemperorshaveovercometheirownproblems,andIseethegoodofothers,ifIhavethem.Of.Peoplecan’thavebothabilities,soIoftenabandontheirshortcomingsandchoosetheirstrongest.Ownersoftenwanttoembracethesageswhentheyenterthesages,andpushthesageswhentheyretreat.IrespectthesageswhenIseethem,pitythesages,andthesagesgetwhattheydeserve.Thehostiswickedandupright,andthereisnogenerationandnogeneration.SinceIpracticedZuo,theuprightpeoplehavestoodshouldertoshoulderwiththedynastyanddidnotdenyanyone.Sinceancienttimes,ChinahasbeenprecioustoChina,cheaptobarbarians,andIloveasonealone,soitsplantsdependonmeasparents.Withthesefive,wehaveachievedwhatwehavedonetoday.②AttheendoftheSuiDynasty,weseparated,andagroupoffiercerivalscompeted.Iraisedthethree-footsword.Forafewyears,itwasoneofthefourseas,whichwasdeterminedbyourmartialarts.Itistheplaceofmycultureandeducation.TheTurksaredestroyed,themonarchsarecaptives,andtheloveofpeaceisthesameasthechild,whichisthewayofmybenevolence;LinyiGongcanspeakbirds,XinluopresentsdaughtersJoyandcompassionforone'sdepartedfromone'soriginareallinstructingagainstthecountry.Therecordandeffectofthestation'smeritsmustbebasedonrewards;thepunishmentofevilandpunishmentmustbebasedonthepenaltybook.Itisourtrustandfaithtocutloveanddissatisfaction,andtopromotejustice.Itisnotinvaintolearntheteachingsofsaintsifwearenotexclusivelyself-defeating.

"OldTangBook":EmperorChenguanwenhasawonderfulfortune,cleverandmartialartist.Choosingacharacterisnotselfishtotheparty,andifyouloseyourambitions,youwilldoyourbest.Therefore,QuTuandYuchiwerewillingtofallinlovewiththeirenemies;MaZhouandLiuJiwereestrangedfromeachother,buttheyweresuccumbedtoJunheng.Attheendofthestage,pleaseforgiveme.Trytotalkaboutit:thefoundationrunsandthecloudsareprosperous,andtheinsectssingandjump.AlthoughthesagesofYaoandShuncannotbeusedtocontrolpeacebysingularityandqueerness;YiandLuZhixiancannotbeprosperousforXiaJieandYinXin.Whenthemonarchsandministersencounterdifficulties,theyevenmaketheirowndecisions.WithFangandWeiZhizhi,nomorethanYuqiuandKe,thosewhocanrespecttheLordandprotectthepeoplewillsufferfromtime.KuangZhouFaandZhouChengzhi’shereditaryinheritance,Ihavealegacy;comparedwiththemagnificenceofHanwenandHanwu,heismoreembarrassed.It’snotconfusedifyoulistentoit,followthegood,andyoucansayitforthousandsofyears,justoneperson!

"NewBookofTangDynasty":Verymuch,theruleroftheworldwillnotbeborn!Yuhastheworld,andtherearesixkings,andShaokanghastheindustryofZhongxing.Tanghastheworld,andithastwenty-eightkings,andtheonewhoisveryprosperousisknownasthethree.KingWuhastheworld,andhehaspassedthirty-sixkings,andhasbecometheruleofKangandZhaoXuan'smerits.TherestisnothingtocallYan.Althoughthe"Poems"and"Books"containsomeshortcomings,butthethreegenerationsaremorethan700yearsold,andtheyhavebeenpassedonformorethan70monarchs.Theiroutstandingnessisseeninlatergenerations,onlysixorsevenmonarchs.Woohoo,it'srare!

LiuWenjing:Thisisaveryhuman,open-mindedlikeHenkel(LiuBang),ShenwuandWeiZu(CaoCao),althoughyoung,heisatalentedperson.

LiZhi:Firstwrestlethearmouronthebody,walkonthefrontofthesoldiers,andwearthehorsesweatonthearmyclothes,andthelicewillbebornwithlice.Flatteningthearea,KangJilives.Withinafewyears,NingYanhasbeenaroundtheworld.FangbegantogivecredittoGod,andimmediatelycontrolledthepeople.

WuJing:Taizong’spoliticizationofthetimeisquitegood.Comingfromancienttimes,nothinghashappened.

JieriKing:ThereistheemperorofQinWang,whoislessandspiritual,andlongandpowerful.Theancestorsofthepreviousdynastiesfellapartattherateofmourning,thearmywasvying,andthemasseswerepoisoned,buttheemperorofQinhadalong-termvision,prosperedwithgreatcompassion,savedtheeconomyandcontainedknowledge,calmedthecountry,andtaughtthewind,theGermanyandthedistantharmony,theuniqueforeignland,andtheadmiration.Tobecalledaminister,andtogivebirthtotheholymanandtheHeqiPavilion,XianSong"QinKingBreakingtheFormationMusic".WenQiYaSong,YuZiforalongtime.

DuFu:HuanghuangTaizong'sindustry,establishedaverygrandiose.

BaiJuyi:Thesaintshavemadeagreateffort!

ZhouShizongandChaiRong:EmperorTaizongofthepastTangruledtheworld,andhecouldnothelphimself.HowdareIstealpeace!

OuyangXiu:ShengZai,too!InadditiontotherebellionoftheSuiDynasty,itiscomparedwithTangandWu;thebeautyofZhizhiisafewpercentandhealthy.

FanZuyu:Governingthewayisinthehandsofthepeople,whocan'tbeTaizong?Itssuccesshasreturnedtothenext,whichwasbeyondthereachofpreviousemperors.

SimaGuang:Taizong'sliteraryandmartialartstalentishigherthanthepast.Afterthreegenerationstoreturn,China'sprosperityhasnotyetexisted.

SuShi:YuguanHanGaozuandGuangwu,andTangTaizong,andmyTaizuemperor,thefourmonarchswhocangodowninonedayareallcausedbynon-homicidalones.Therestkillmorepeople,andtheworldwillhealchaos."TheremonstranceofTaizongisalmostholy.

SuChe:ThewisemanofEmperorTaizongoftheTangDynasty,sincetheWesternHanDynasty,hasbeenonlyoneperson.Renxiancanenablehimtobeabletocomparetherelativeswithothers.Heisfrugalandfrugal.Measures.Sincethreegenerationsandbelow,thereisnocomparison.

ZengGong:Thejourneyoflaw,theprosperityofritualsandmusic,thesystemofTianChou,theteachingofdetailedorder,theproposedkingisnotprepared;Inbetween,thebattlemustbewon,theattackmustbetaken,theworlddoesnotthinkofmartialarts,ratherthanthepredecessoroftheking;thefourbarbariansareinferiortotheruler,andtheywillnotobey.p>

HeQufei:TheformerEmperorTaizongofTangusedthesageandmartialartstodeterminethetroubles,thekingoftheworld,andthepoweroftheworld.However,theso-calledconsolidatingpoweroftheworld,theonewholeftthechildrenandgrandchildren,willcoverthefuture.Therefore,ifthearmyisinthemansion,theguardisplacedintheguard,anditiscontrolledbythecustoms.Ifthesoldierisinthemansion,therewillbenointernalexclusivepower;iftheguardisintheguard,thesoldierwillhavenotroubleoutside.,Aretheinvadersofthefourbarbarians:breaktheTurks,barbariansandturbulentpeople,levelGaochang,exterminateYanqi,allcapturetheirkings,anddrivetheLiaozuotodestroythecountry.Anyonewhodoesnotusemilitaryforce,theyareallestablished.Powerandconsolidatethepoweroftheworld.

ChengQi:"TaiZonghasbeenholdinghisarmyforfiveyears,settingthecountryintheworld,andleadingtheworldintherealmofRenshouandwealthy.Healsoregardsthetalentsoftheworldastheworld'saffair.RenYuQiuyu,startingfromestrangement,entrustingthegovernmenttothegovernment,takingtheresponsibilitytothemerits,admonishmentwithoutfail,andseekingnothingwithoutgain.Moreover,thetalentofTaizongisfarbeyondthereachoftheworld.However,ifyoudon'tusethistoarrogatetheworld,youwilloftenfeelinadequate,soitcanbethefoundationforthousandsofyears."

LuZuqian:Atthattime,therulewasnotonlyZhenguan,althoughitwasmergedwithYaoandShun.

TrueDexiu:ThefuturegenerationsarebetterthanTangTaizongandZhenguan.Thescalemustnotbelost.

FanCheng:"Youcan'tbeborninZhenguan,corncountsmoneywithoutsoldiers!"

HuYin:"IntheheydayoftheHanDynasty,Taizongwaswithinreach.Yu,Tang,Wen,andWu'sindustry,areyounotlookingforwardtoit!"

LuJiuyuan:"EmperorTaizongisrichintheworld,heisthesonoftheemperor,andallhisachievementsaremadebyhim.Alas!ThisisthereasonfortheruleofZhenguan,whoisthekingofthethreegenerations?"

GuoSizhen:"Theruleofthetwoemperorsandthreekingsisbeyondthereachoffuturegenerations.Thewayofobediencetoothersisallaboutbenevolenceandrighteousness."EmperorTaizongoftheTangdynastyusedhisheroicresourcestodefeattheenemyasifheweredecimated,andhisdirectionisinexhaustible...Theruleoftwoemperorsandthreekings,especiallyfortheears."

GenghisKhan:"Thosewhowantpeaceandstability,mustknowtheTangZongartofwar."

WuCheng:"Afterthreegenerations,onlytheHanandTanghaveenjoyedthecountry,andtheTangcanbecalledthethreemonarchs."EmperorTaizongwenwasalsoanentrepreneurialandwell-successfulbusiness,receivingadviceandseekinggovernanceandinvigoratingtirelessly.ItseffectwasasfarasMisanqian,andforeignhouseholdswerenotclosed.Therefore,theprosperityofZhenguanwasbeyondthereachofKaiyuanYuanhe,andTaizongZhuoranwasTangSan.Zongzhiguan."

GeZhi:"Asfortheprinceoflatergenerations,thereisnootherwaytospeakandread,todiscusstheform,admireandimitateYan.Theaffairsofthehusband,thetwoemperorsandthethreekingsarestillverygood,andthesagesofthetwoHandynastiesaresixorseven,andthegovernmentofHeZhenguanisuniqueamongtheeyesandears?""ThehusbandTaizong'swayofself-cultivationwithrighteousheart,theQifamily'sMinglunFang,istrulyashamedofthetwoemperorsandthreekings.However,hebendshimselfandacceptsadvice,appointstalentsandenablesthem,isfrugalandfrugal,generousandlovesthepeople,andithasbeenthreegenerations,andthereisnoone.Thelatterwillchoosethegoodonesandfollowthem,andthebadoneswillchangethem.Wouldn'titbebeneficial?""YuwasintroublewiththesolidstateandtheNing,Tangandthetime,ShenKewasfinallyintrouble.Taizongwasbothentrepreneurialandsuccessful.Hewasnotcomplacentwithwhathecould,butfearedwhathecouldnot.TheruleofZhenguanwasalsotrue.!"

ZhuYuanzhang:"OnlytheEmperorTaizongoftheTangDynasty,theheroicandheroic,theWudingQuartet,theruleofZhenguan,theShizhaowende...allhavethevirtueofthekingandthemeritsoftheeternalpeace."

ZhuDi:"IftheEmperorWenoftheTangDynastyadvocatedjusticeandpeace,andsettheworldinone."Bowingandslammingthearmor,reachingtheHongtangandascendingtotheRuiji.Histhoughtsarenottoobad,andhisthoughtsarenottoofaraway.Hewrotethetwelvearticlesof"DiFan"totrainhissons,sayingthatthewaytoexplainpoliticsisinit."InthepastTangTaizongsetoutchaosanyway,Zhenguanprosperousage,sinceancienttimes,seldomcommented,seekthereason,beloyaltothecountry,althoughhatredwillberewarded,ifyouareconceived,youwillbepunishableevenifyouareclose."

ZhuJianshen:"Afterthethreegenerations,thepowerofgovernancewasnotprosperousintheTang,andinthethreehundredyearsoftheTangDynasty,itwasnottheprosperousofZhenguan.""TheEmperorTaizongwasawisemonarchintheTangDynasty.Itisapitythatthosewhohavearightheartandcultivateoneselfareashamedofthewayoftwoemperorsandthreekings,butthetreatmentisnotpure."

WangZhijian:"Afterthreegenerations,liketheemperorofWen,heistrulyanemperorthroughtheages!"

ZhangDaling:"TheheroofthethreegenerationsorlessistheonlyonenamedHanGaozu,Guangwu,andTangTaizong,however,theageoftheGaozuuprisingwassixoreight,andGuangwuwasrevivedattheageofthirty-nine.TheyallgrewupinthefolkZhoucalendar.Theydidnotcomeoutoftheverticalcollapseoftheskirtexhibition.Holdtheshockingtalents,suchasTaizong.TaizonghasbeencomparedtoTangwusincetheKingofQin,andsincereachingthetopoftheworld,hehasbecomeagoodman.Whatisthedifferencebetweenthesizeandthesizeoftheruthlessscholars?"

"CompilationofCommentariesontheHistoryoftheMingDynasty":"Therearethreegreatvirtuesoftheemperor:oneistobehumbleandtoacceptadvice,theotheristoknowpeopleandbegood,andthethirdistobefrugalandlovethepeople.YanZhealso...thebeautyofthesystemoflatergenerationscannotbeadded...tothemostsubtle,theprosperoustalentsoflatergenerationsarebeyondthereachof..."InthereignofEmperorTaizong,therewasavirtuousZaifuandavirtuousqueenoftheeldestgrandson.SinceChengkang,QinandHandynasties,itisbeyondreach.Atthetimeoftherealworld,hundredsofpeoplefromthefourbariansandtributeerswerecrying,cuttingtheirhair,cuttingtheirears,andbleedingtheground.ShiChensaid:‘SincetheQinandHandynasties,themeritsandmeritshavebeencombined.'"

AisinJueluo·XuanYe:"Iseeemperorsinancienttimes,suchasYuYu,thecapitalofTangYu,andEmperorTaizongoftheTangDynasty,wholistenedtoadmonishment,andtheemperorsandministerswerelikefamily,fatherandson,andthefriendshipwasinharmony.Therefore,ChenShancanclosetheevilspirits,andeachwilldohisbesttoachievethebestgovernance."

ZengGuofan:"Sinceancienttimes,philosophersandphilosophershavebeenveryprinces,andtheyhavealwayswontheprosperouspeople."EmperorWuoftheHanDynasty,EmperorWenoftheTangDynasty,RenzongoftheSongDynasty,theancestoroftheYuanDynasty,andEmperorXiaozongoftheMingDynasty.Atthattimeallerectionsofdifferentmaterials,JunYanYuntun,compendiumofKunYao."

ReneGruset:"DuetothegreatachievementsofEmperorTaizongofTangDynasty,anunpredictableChina,aheroicandepicChina,andrewrittenthehistoryofcivilizationthathasbeengoingonforthousandsofyears."

MaoZedong:"Sinceancienttimes,therehasbeennorighttothearmyofLiShimin,followedbyZhuYuanzhang."

ZhiJun:"TheHanandTangDynastiesarethemostgloriousandsplendidperiodsinthehistoryofournation.Taizongtookadvantageoftheworld,smashedthestorm,suppressedthebandits,repairedthegeneralgovernment,thenconqueredthesouthandthenorth,conqueredthefourdescents,commandedtheline,integratedtheSeaof​​Japanintheeast,exceededSiberiainthenorth,boundedbytheTigrisRiverinthewest,AntarcticIndiaandOceanContinent,nationalpowerItisprosperous,anditsurpassestheHanDynasty.Taizongchenghasneverbeenanationalherosinceancienttimes!"

LiuKeshu:"IftherewasnosuchoutstandingmilitaristandpoliticianasLiShimininChinesehistory,whatwouldtheChinesenationevolveto?"HundredsofyearsofchaosanddarknessinHuayi,thenationalrejuvenationofChengdaandthecreationofanewsituation,itsterritoryextendstotheeastofConglinginthewest,theIndochinaPeninsulainthesouth,theseatotheeast,andthedeserttothenorth.Theprosperityofthenationaleconomyandthepeople'slivelihood,thedevelopmentofacademicart,theclarificationofthesystemofdecree,thefusionandcreationofideologyandculture,sothattheJapanesepeoplecanbuildacountry,andtheEuropeanandWesterncountriesareyearningandadmiring.Itsgrandeurandperformanceareincomparable.Respectthedeedsandremembertheclassics,howcanweforgetLiShimin!"

NiuXianzhong:"TangTaizongisaverygreatfigureinthehistoryofourcountry.Hisliteraryandmartialarts,itgoeswithoutsaying,especiallythesuperhumangenius,andhecanlearnandaskquestions.ItcanbesaidthatItisthesaintofheaven.Fromthebook"AsktheRight",wecanexperiencethewisdomanddemeanorofthisgeniusemperor.Instrategicthinking,hispositionfarexceedsNapoleon."

BoYang:"EmperorLiShiminisoneofChina'smostoutstandingwisemonarchs.Heusedhishighwisdom,diligentlyandcarefullytogovernhisempire,andsooncreatedahundredandthirtyforChina.Thesecondgoldenageofyears."SincePanguopeneduptheworld,EmperorLiShiminwasthefirstChineseemperortobetrulypraisedandworshippedbytheChinese,becauseofhismeritoriousdeedsandhisownvirtues.Hiswordsanddeedsingoverningthecountrybecamethenormforallemperorsinthefuture."

ZhangXutong:"ThereareonlytwodynastiesintheentireChinesehistory,namely,theHanDynastyandtheTangDynasty,whichfollowedTaoistphilosophy.Thesetwoempireswerethehealthiest,luckiest,andmostadvancednationsofallearthcivilizationsatthattime.Theprisonisempty,noonepicksupthevaluablesleftonthestreet,andallcitizensarefullofconfidence.Thisisbecausethegovernmentsofthesetwodynastiesreachedthelevelofritualandjusticegovernment.HistorianscallthesetwodynastiesthegoldenageofChina."

LiAo:"TangTaizongisaherowiththemost'exotic'temperamentinhistory.Inthepoliticalstruggletofighttheworld,ofcoursehehasthesamethunderboltmethodsaspeople,butbesidesthesepolitical‘vulgarfeelings’,hehasmany‘exoticfeelings’thatmakethecountrycolorfulandenhancemankind’sglory."

"CambridgeHistoryoftheSuiandTangDynastiesofChina":"ForlaterChineseliterati,Taizongrepresentedaprosperouseraofidealcombinationofcivilandmartialarts:thecountrywasgovernedbyanenergeticbutintelligentandprudentemperor.Hehasafirmgraspofhisempire,andatthesametimehasalwaysmodestlyandpatientlylistenedtotheopinionsoftheministers,whoarethemselvesoutstandingfigures.Taizong'sstyleofgovernancewasadmirednotonlybecauseofitsachievements,butalsobecauseitwasclosetotheConfucianidealofacceptingadviceandlovingthepeopleasthefoundationofgoverningthecountry,andalsobecauseitrepresentedtheharmoniousrelationshipbetweentheemperorandtheminister."

"GeneralHistoryofChina":TangTaizongLiShimin'sliteraryandmartialartshasbeentalkedaboutsinceancienttimesandpraised.TheacademiccircleshavecontributedtohismajestyandhisgreatcontributionstoChinesehistory.Givepositiveaffirmation.LiShiminisanaccomplishedpoliticianandmilitarystrategist.HeplayedaleadingroleinthestruggleagainsttheSuiJianTang.ThevictoryofEmperorTaizong’sXuanwuGatechangeobjectivelycontributedtothesocialandhistoricaldevelopmentoftheearlyTangDynasty.Activerole.TangTaizongdidnotdiscriminateagainstethnicminorities.InadditiontoharassingTurksandusingtroops,hemainlyusedgentlepoliticalmethodstodealwithethnicissues.Themethodswereproperandthepolicieswereopen-minded,whichwasconducivetoethnicunityandnationalunity.

(UnitedStates)Fitzgerald:Taizongseemstobelikeamanofdestiny.Itseemsthatnothingisimpossibleforhim.Heisthesaviorofsocietyandtherestorerofunityandpeace.HisThepersonalityissostrongandpowerful,hehasinfluencedallthepeoplewhohavebeenwithhim,andhasbecomealegendintheeyesoffuturegenerations.AmongtheemperorsofChina,noonecancompareit.

AnecdotesTherefore

BirthPhenomenon

AccordingtotheTaizongBenjiintheOldTangBook,whenLiShiminwasborn,thereweretwodragonsplayingoutsidehishouse,andtheyflewawaythreedayslater.

济世安民

据《新旧唐书》的太宗本纪记载，李世民四岁的时候，有个书生自称善于看相，晋见李渊道：“您是贵人，而且有贵子。”见到李世民道：“龙凤的姿质，日月的仪表，到二十岁，必定能济世安民。”李渊害怕书生的言语泄露，便要杀他，结果书生忽然不见了，因而以为他是神仙，就采纳“济世安民”之义来作为李世民的名字。

玄武门之变

太原起兵是李世民的谋略，李渊曾答应他事成之后立他为太子，但李渊建立唐朝后，立李建成为太子。天下平定后，李世民功名日盛，李建成随即联合李元吉，排挤李世民。李渊的优柔寡断，也使朝中政令相互冲突，加速了诸子的兵戎相见。

长兄皇太子李建成知道李世民终不肯屈为人臣，而李世民也认为是自己奠下唐朝开国的基业，遂与李建成、四弟齐王李元吉猜忌日深，两派大臣之间互相倾轧。李建成曾经下毒谋害李世民。其中宰相裴寂、谋士王珪、魏徵、东宫卫士将领薛万彻等追随李建成、李元吉。秦府谋士杜如晦、房玄龄，将领秦叔宝、尉迟敬德、段志玄、侯君集、王君廓等跟从李世民。宰相陈叔达、朝臣长孙无忌等暗中支援李世民。其余将领李靖、徐世勣，大臣宇文士及等保持中立。

武德九年（626年），突厥侵犯唐边境，李建成向李渊建议，由李元吉做统帅出征突厥。在太子的东宫中担任率更丞（主管计时的官员）职位的王晊，已被秦王李世民收买，成为李世民在东宫的眼线，他悄悄告诉李世民：“李建成想借此控制秦王的兵马，并准备在昆明池设伏兵杀秦王。”于是李世民决定先发制人。

武德九年六月初四庚申日（626年7月2日），李世民在帝都长安城宫城玄武门附近射杀皇太子李建成、齐王李元吉，史称“玄武门之变”。事后，李世民杀李建成、李元吉诸子，并将他们从宗籍中除名。

箭术无双

史书记载，李世民年轻时力大无比，随身兵器中，最有名的是一张两米长的巨阙天弓。

李世民有次与敌对战前，仅率领一名骑兵一起充当侦查工作。途经一处草原高地，因为太累与士兵一起睡着，被敌人发现，本来意欲围杀李世民。此时突然有一条蛇追老鼠，奔到骑兵脸上，惊醒骑兵，才发现身边都是敌人，于是李世民与骑兵上马逃亡，李世民本人左右开弓，百发百中，终于逃出追击。

虎牢关之战时，李世民对尉迟恭说：“我拿着弓箭，你手持马槊相随，即使有百万大军又奈我如何！”足见他对自己箭术的自信。

李世民继位前曾任天策上将，设天策府。李世民继位后在苑囿内狩猎，有一群野猪奔了出来。李世民四箭射杀了四只，但还是有一头雄壮的公野猪冲到近前。吏部尚书唐俭慌忙下马，与之搏斗。李世民拔剑砍死野猪，笑着对唐俭说，“天策长史，不见上将击贼耶？何惧之甚！”原来唐俭曾任天策府长史。唐俭当即回答道：“汉祖以马上得之，不以马上理之。陛下以神武定四方，岂复逞雄心于一兽！”李世民觉得唐俭说得有理，于是停止了狩猎。

小鸟依人

褚遂良是唐朝著名书法家，他的书法博采众长，变化多姿，自成一家。因为精通书法，被魏徵推荐给唐太宗，并受到太宗的赏识。

唐太宗任命褚遂良担任起居郎一职，专门记载皇帝的言行起居。有一次，唐太宗问褚遂良：“你每天记载我的言行起居，我可以看看吗？”褚遂良回答说：“如今设立起居郎的职务，如同古代的史官，善行恶行都要记录在案，以督促皇帝不犯错。我从未听说皇帝本人要看这些内容的。”唐太宗又问道：“如果我有不好的言论、行为，你也要记下来吗？”褚遂良回答说：这是我的职责所在，您的一言一行，我都要记下来。”

不久之后，唐太宗对长孙无忌说：“我今天要当面评论你们的功过得失，引以为鉴，使你们警惕。说者没有过错，听者自己改过。”说完他就看着长孙无忌说：“你善于避嫌、随机应变，但是领兵打仗不是你的长项。高士廉博览群书，悟性很高，临危受难不变节，做官也不拉帮结派，但是缺少直谏的勇气。”唐太宗将朝中大臣评论一番，最后说到了褚遂良。唐太宗说”褚遂良在学问方面大有长进，性格很刚直，对朝廷忠心，对我很有感情，平时一副飞鸟依人的模样，我很是怜爱他啊！”

一代楷模

李靖觉得自己在朝廷任官多年，功劳不小，受到的封赏也不少，应该急流勇退，早点解甲归田，免生后患。所以趁唐太宗派他去访察民俗的机会，说自己的脚有毛病，奏请退休归家。唐太宗见他的奏书写得十分恳切，便答应了他的请求，并派中书侍郎牟岑少去传他的旨意说：“我看自古以来，身居富贵而能知足的非常少，不论是愚人还是智者，都莫能自知。有些人没有什么才能，却硬是要占据官职；就是有了病。也勉强留着不肯辞官，李靖能识大体，实在可嘉。我如今批准你的请求，不仅是成全你的志向，还想把你作为一个时代的模范人物。”

人际关系

家世

①父族直系血亲

高祖：李天赐

曾祖：李虎，西魏陇西襄公，追尊唐太祖

曾祖母：梁氏，追尊景烈皇后

祖父：李昞，北周唐仁公，追尊唐世祖

祖母：独孤氏，北周大司马独孤信第四女，追尊元贞皇后

父亲：李渊，唐高祖

②母族直系血亲

亲母（嫡母）：窦氏，追尊太穆皇后，即唐高祖李渊皇后

外祖父：窦毅，北周神武郡公（肃公）。

外祖母：宇文氏，北周襄阳长公主（其父：宇文泰，西魏安定郡公（文公），追尊北周文帝）

外曾祖父：窦岳

兄弟姐妹

兄弟：李建成、李玄霸、李元吉、李智云、李元景、李元昌、李元亨、李元方、李元礼、李元嘉、李元则、李元懿、李元轨、李凤、李元庆、李元裕、李元名、李灵夔、李元祥、李元晓、李元婴。

姐妹：长沙公主、襄阳公主、平阳公主、高密公主、长广公主、房陵公主、九江公主、庐陵公主、南昌公主、安平公主、淮南公主李澄霞、真定公主、衡阳公主、丹阳公主、临海公主、馆陶公主、安定公主、常乐公主。

后妃

皇后

长孙皇后，小字观音婢，名不见载。隋右骁卫将军晟之女。八岁丧父，由舅父高士廉抚养，13岁嫁李世民。武德元年册封秦王妃。武德末年竭力争取李渊后宫对李世民的支持，玄武门之变当天亲自勉慰诸将士。武德九年（公元626年）六月，被册封为皇太子妃。李世民即位13天即册封为皇后。在后位时，善于借古喻今，匡正李世民为政的失误，并保护忠正得力的大臣。先后为皇帝诞下三子四女。贞观十年崩。谥号文德皇后。上元元年，加谥号为文德顺圣皇后。李世民誉之为“嘉偶”“良佐”并筑层观望陵怀念。尝著有《女则》三十卷，尚有翰墨存世，今均佚。仅存《春游曲》一首。幼子即唐高宗。

妃嫔

子女

儿子

太子李承乾：母长孙皇后，贞观十七年谋反按律应赐死，因太宗不舍，最后只废为了庶人，后卒于黔州

楚王李宽：母不详，出继给叔父楚哀王李智云，早薨，无后

吴王李恪：母隋炀帝女杨妃

魏王李泰：母长孙皇后，争夺皇位被贬后，又重新进封为濮王。永徽三年，逝于郧乡县

齐王李佑：母阴妃，贞观十七年发动叛乱。事败，赐死于内省，贬为庶人，国除

蜀王李愔：母隋炀帝女杨妃，后被废为庶人，死于流配巴州

蒋王李恽：母王氏，妃元氏。诬告谋反，惶惧自杀

越王李贞：母燕德妃。参与韩王李元嘉、鲁王李灵夔、霍王李元轨反武则天失败，服毒自尽

唐高宗李治：母长孙皇后

纪王李慎：母韦贵妃，妃陆氏

江殇王李嚣：母燕德妃，贞观六年薨

代王李简：母不详，贞观五年薨，无后，国除

赵王李福：母杨贵妃，贵妃之位是否为追封待考，妃宇文氏

曹王李明：母巢刺王妃，妃元氏。永淳年间，因为和废太子李贤通谋，降封零陵王，贬至黔州。都督谢佑逼李明自杀。玄武门之变后，巢刺王妃居于宫内抚养李元吉庶女归仁县主。归仁县主生母去世，太宗亲写诏令安慰县主。

女儿

襄城公主：母不明，下嫁萧锐，永徽二年薨，陪葬昭陵

汝南公主：第三女，母不明，早亡

南平公主：母不明，先嫁王敬直，王敬直获罪流放岭南，改嫁刘玄意，陪葬昭陵

遂安公主：母不明，下嫁窦逵。逵死，又嫁王大礼，陪葬昭陵

长乐公主：名丽质，母长孙皇后，下嫁长孙冲，贞观十七年薨，陪葬昭陵

豫章公主：母下嫔，长孙皇后养，下嫁唐义识，陪葬昭陵

巴陵公主：母不明，下嫁柴令武，因“房遗爱谋反案”，永徽四年赐死，显庆中追赠比景（北景）公主，立庙于墓

普安公主：母不明，下嫁史仁表，陪葬昭陵

东阳公主：母不明，下嫁高履行

临川公主：第十二女，字孟姜，母韦贵妃，下嫁周道务，永淳元年薨，陪葬昭陵

清河公主：李敬，字德贤，母不明，下嫁程怀亮，薨麟德元年，陪葬昭陵

兰陵公主：李淑，字丽贞，母不明，下嫁窦怀悊，卒年不晚于显庆四年；墓志为第十九女，与新唐书不符，陪葬昭陵

晋安公主：母不明，下嫁韦思安，又嫁杨仁辂，陪葬昭陵

安康公主：母不明，下嫁独孤谋，陪葬昭陵

新兴公主：母不明，下嫁长孙曦，陪葬昭陵

城阳公主：母长孙皇后，下嫁杜荷，坐太子承乾事诛，又嫁薛瓘，咸亨二年薨，陪葬昭陵

高阳公主：母不明，下嫁房遗爱，因“房遗爱谋反案”，永徽四年赐死，显庆中追赠合浦公主

金山公主：母不明，早亡

晋阳公主：字明达，小字兕子，母长孙皇后，皇后病逝后，由太宗亲自抚养，惜十二岁早亡。

常山公主：母不明，未及下嫁，薨显庆时

新城公主：母长孙皇后，初封衡山公主，下嫁长孙诠，长孙诠显庆四年获罪流放巂州，改嫁韦正矩，龙朔三年暴亡，陪葬昭陵

主要作品

书法

李世民酷爱书法，其书法以隶书见长，并且酷爱书法名品《兰亭序》，亲自写《晋书·王羲之传赞》。

贞观十四年（640年），李世民将自己的真草书屏风以示群臣，笔力遒劲为一时之绝。尝谓朝臣曰：“书学小道，初非急务，时或留心，犹胜弃日。凡诸艺业未有学而不得者也，病在心力懈怠，不能专精耳。”又云：“吾临古人之书，殊不能学其形势，惟在其骨力。及得骨力，而形势自生耳。”

诗作

人物争议

出生年月

关于李世民的出生日期，主要由以下三种说法：

1、《贞观政要》记载：李世民的生日是十二月癸丑；《资治通鉴》记载：李世民的生日是十二月癸未。

2、据《旧唐书》记载：李世民卒年五十二岁，生于隋开皇十八年十二月戊午（599年1月23日）。

3、据《新唐书》李世民卒于贞观二十三年五月廿六己巳日（公元649年7月10日），年五十三岁，则李世民的出生年月为隋开皇十七年十二月戊午（598年1月28日）。

已故中国历史学家胡如雷经过考证认为：根据李世民同母弟李玄霸十六岁时死于大业十年，而倒推出李玄霸生于开皇十九年，所以若李世民生于开皇十八年十二月，则李玄霸最迟生于开皇十九年十二月，两兄弟生辰过近，不太可能。

修改实录

李世民曾多次向史官要求阅读记录皇帝的言行的《起居注》。初时褚遂良不许，后来他再要求房玄龄，房应允并与许敬宗将《起居注》删定为《高祖实录》、《今上实录》，于贞观十七年七月癸巳日献予太宗，但唐太宗终归未能得观《起居注》。

参读武德年间所著《大唐创业起居注》（不曾被官方修改），以及订正详实的《资治通鉴考异》（同时记录了《实录》、野史、物证等考据》），再考查《旧唐书》等（以《实录》为蓝本）相关记载，不同之处仅存于三个方面：其一，太原起兵的发起人是谁；二是，隐太子李建成在攻取长安时的战功；再有，李渊宫闱禁中的是否检点。而上述三个方面皆以“玄武门之变”为中心而展开，其余初唐历史事件，各史料中所载（包括不受官方干预的稗官野史）竟保持高度一致。由此可知，除“玄武门之变”外，其它的初唐历史事件并无唐太宗参与删改杜撰的可能。

因此，历来学者都将目光聚焦于“玄武门之变”，史书也记载李世民对“玄武门之变”的关注，要“削去浮，要求直书其事”。史家对此有不同看法：一些学者认为李世民此举使自己亲杀兄弟的事实在史书中保留了下来，如王夫之从道德的角度批判李世民，认为直书其事是不知羞耻，“至于自敕直书，而太宗不可复列于人类矣”；一些史学家则认为，直书其事其实是唐太宗公然指使臣下在“玄武门事变”的相关记载中美化自己；但更多的学者，能够在“民为重、社稷次之、君为轻”的观点下，坦然的接受认可这次皇家宫廷政变和太宗之举。

去世原因

李世民年轻时正遇到隋末严重大乱，李世民亲自指挥、参与了多次决定性的大战，结束了隋末严重大乱，但是对李世民的身体、精神消耗很大，年轻时可能还看不出来，但是到了50岁左右就表现出来，导致李世民重病。在吃其他药没有效果的情况下，才吃丹药，《旧唐书·天竺传》《旧唐书·郝处俊传》记载唐太宗吃丹药都是没有任何效果，“服竟不效”，“竟无异效”，既没有好的效果、也没有坏的效果。李世民是病死的，并不是死于吃丹药。

贞观二十二年（公元648年），王玄策大败中天竺帝那伏帝国，王玄策带回的众多俘虏中有一个方士那罗迩婆婆寐，自称有两百岁，有长生之术。唐太宗命令其造丹药。但是根据《资治通鉴》的记载，方士那罗迩娑婆寐根本就没有造出药，“”药竟不就”。唐太宗没有吃方士那罗迩婆婆寐的丹药。

而李蕃说唐太宗死于吃丹药，并不可信。李蕃是太宗死后百年的人，情况比郝处俊还糟糕，李蕃完全不了解唐太宗的死因。而唐太宗的近亲、近侍、近臣这些了解情况的人是没有认为太宗因为丹药死亡的。

李蕃、郝处俊都是作为谏官劝谏皇帝远离丹药的，有其特殊立场、特殊目的，本身可信度就要大打折扣。唐朝没有文字狱。魏征说过进谏近乎诽谤也是值得原谅的，因为言辞激烈才能引起别人注意，唐高宗说进谏的人说的是假的也无罪，“其变苟实，言之者何罪？其事必虚，闻之者足以自戒……此不足以加罪”。所以李蕃所谓的胡僧的丹药导致唐太宗死亡，并不可信。而且，根据《资治通鉴》记载，胡僧那罗迩娑婆寐根本就没有造出丹药，没有造出任何药。而郝处俊说的是唐太宗吃了丹药没有任何效果，没有说丹药促死，没有说丹药导致唐太宗死亡。

旧唐书里李蕃、郝处俊这两个人的说法本身矛盾。另外新旧唐书还记载了多年服食丹药而身体状况良好的人。

后世纪念

_{主词条：唐昭陵}

昭陵(3张)

陵园及陪葬墓区南北长12.65公里，东西长15.45公里，占地面积113.15平方公里。陵园建筑遗址主要分布在九嵕山南北两面。在陵山北侧500米处，保留有唐至明清时期的部分建筑遗址，主要有山门、北阙门、原来置放昭陵六骏及十四国君长像的叠落廊、山门东西两边墙垣遗迹等。现存石刻包括十四国君长石刻像部分残石基座、20余通历代“御制祝文”碑，以及今人复制的昭陵六骏浮雕石屏。在遗址的北端矗立有清代陕西巡抚毕沅所书“唐太宗昭陵”碑。山陵四周计有陵园建筑群3处，即北司马门、南司马门、寝宫遗址。

昭陵是唐太宗李世民的陵墓，位于咸阳市礼泉县九嵕山，是关中“唐十八陵”中规模最大的一座。陵墓依山而建，开创了唐代帝王陵寝依山为陵的先例。陵前的陪葬墓群为扇形，大概有200多座，其中有初唐诸王、公主的墓葬，以及魏徵、李靖、李勣、房玄龄、尉迟恭等功臣陪葬墓。昭陵是全国重点文物保护单位。

史料索引

《旧唐书·太宗本纪》

《新唐书·太宗本纪》

《资治通鉴·唐纪》

艺术形象

文学形象

• 《大唐秦王词话》明朝·诸圣邻著，又名《唐秦王本传》、《唐传演义》、《秦王演义》《西游记》

• 《说唐》

• 《隋唐演义》

• 《唐史演义》

• 《兴唐传》

• 《大唐双龙传》

影视形象